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Table 1 Pregnancy and newborn characteristics of the regional cohort (Oppland county) born at term from 1989 to 2010

From: Possible relation between maternal consumption of added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages and birth weight – time trends in a population

Response variable

Births 1989–2000 (n = 17848)a

Births 2001–2010 (n = 15240)b

Comparingj 89-00a vs 01-10b

Homogeneous subsetd 2001–2010 (n = 4214)c

Continuous variables

Mean (SD)

B (per year) e (95 % CI)

Mean (SD)

B (per year) e (95 % CI)

p-value

Mean (SD)

B (per year) e (95 % CI)

Maternal age (years)

28.1 (4.9)

0.16 (0.13, 0.18) **

29.4 (5.1)

0.03 (0.00, 0.06) *

0.001

29.1 (4.2)

−0.03 (−0.07, 0.02)

Maternal height (cm)

naf

-

167.5 (6.1)

−0.02 (−0.06, 0.01)

naf

167.8 (6.1)

−0.06 (−0.00, -0.13) *

Pre-pregnant BMIg (kg/m2)

naf

-

24.7 (4.8)

0.07 (0.04, 0.10) **

naf

22.0 (1.7)

−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)

Gestational weight gain (kg)

naf

-

14.1 (5.7)

−0.12 (−0.08, -0.16) **

naf

14.7 (4.7)

−0.11 (−0.06, -0.16) **

Gestational age (days)

279.6 (7.8)

0.10 (0.06, 0.13) **

279.5 (7.9)

−0.12 (−0.08, -0.16) **

0.522

280.2 (7.3)

−0.15 (−0.08, -0.22) **

Birth weight (gram)

3611 (487)

4 (2, 7) **

3609 (485)

−7 (−4, -10) **

0.687

3607 (435)

−12 (−7, -16) **

Birth length (cm)

50.8 (1.9)

−0.01 (−0.01, -0.02) **

50.6 (1.9)

−0.01 (−0.00, -0.02) *

< 0.001

50.6 (1.8)

−0.02 (−0.00, -0.04) *

Ponderal index (kg/m3)

27.6 (2.3)

0.06 (0.05, 0.07) **

27.8 (2.4)

−0,04 (−0.02, -0.05) **

< 0.001

27.7 (2.3)

−0.05 (−0.03, -0.08) **

Head circumference (cm)

35.3 (1.4)

−0.01 (0.00, -0.01) *

35.5 (1.4)

0.04 (0.04, 0.05) **

< 0.001

35.4 (1.3)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04) **

Binary variables

Prevalence (%)

OR (per year) h 95 % CI

Prevalence (%)

OR (per year) h 95 % CI

p-value

Prevalence (%)

OR (per year) h 95 % CI

Multiparity

60.2

1.01 (1.00, 1.02) **

59.8

0.98 (0.97, 0.99) **

0.486

59.0

0.96 (0.94, 0.98) **

Teenage mother

2.7

0.94 (0.91, 0.96) **

2.3

0.98 (0.94, 1.01)

0.014

naf

-

Smoker

25.1

0.98 (0.97, 0.99) **

13.8

0.91 (0.89, 0.92) **

< 0.001

naf

-

Diabetes

0.6

1.00 (0.95, 1.07)

1.7

1.13 (1.08, 1.18) **

< 0.001

naf

-

Preeclampsia

2.9

1.14 (1.10, 1.17) **

4.7

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

< 0.001

naf

-

Birth after 40 weeks GAi

53.3

1.03 (1.01, 1.04) **

53.2

0.97 (0.96, 0.98) **

0.821

58.1

0.95 (0.93, 0.97) **

Induction of labour

4.6

1.16 (1.13, 1.19) **

13.7

1.09 (1.07, 1.11) **

< 0.001

naf

-

Caesarean section

10.0

1.03 (1.02, 1.05) **

13.9

1.02 (1.00, 1.03) *

< 0.001

naf

-

Maternal BMI < 18.5 kg/m2

naf

-

3.4

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

naf

naf

-

Maternal BMI > 25 kg/m2

naf

-

24.1

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

naf

naf

-

Maternal BMI > 30 kg/m2

naf

-

13.5

1.04 (1.02, 1.06) **

naf

naf

-

Birth weight < 2500 grams

1.0

1.02 (0.98, 1.07)

1.0

1.02 (0.97, 1.08)

0.549

0.4

1.08 (0.91, 1.29)

Birth weight < 10 percentile

7.5

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

7.4

1.01 (0.99, 1.04)

0.687

6.1

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

Birth weight > 90 percentile

11.4

1.03 (1.01, 1.04) **

11.2

0.98 (0.97, 1.00)

0.671

8.8

0.96 (0.93, 1.00) *

Birth weight > 4500 grams

4.0

1.04 (1.02, 1.07) **

3.9

0.95 (0.92, 0.98) **

0.530

2.5

0.93 (0.87, 0.99) *

  1. aVariation between 16319–17848; bVariation between 13785–15240; cVariation between 4138–4214; d Age 21–37 years, normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.99), non-smoker, and without diabetes, preeclampsia, assisted reproduction, moderate/severe chronic disease, psychiatric disease, substance abuse, thromboembolic episode or known elevated risk, prior hypertension , induction of birth or caesarean section and difference between expected dates of delivery based on assessments from ultrasound and last menstrual period < 14 days; eSimple linear regression analysis on year; fNot applicable; gBody mass index; hOdds ratio from logistic regression analysis on year; iGestational age; jData on a period with increasing mean birth weight and proportion of large infants (1989–2000) are compared with those of a period with declining mean birth weight and proportions of large infants (2001–2010); * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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