Table 1 Prevalence and cut-off values in whole blood and oral fluids (n = 5401)
From: Alcohol, psychoactive substances and non-fatal road traffic accidents - a case-control study
Case group (Injured drivers (n = 96) | Control group (Moving traffic n = 5305) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Substance | Cut-off in whole blood | Prevalence% (n) | Cut-off in oral fluid | Prevalence% (n) |
Any substance | 21.9 (21) | 3.2 (169) | ||
Alcohol | 0.02 g/kg | 11.5 (11) | 0.02 g/kg | 0.3 (17) |
Stimulant drugs | ng/mL | 9.4 (9) | ng/mL | 0.5 (25) |
Methamphetamine | 20 | 5.2 (5) | 410 | 0.2 (13) |
Amphetamine | 20 | 4.2 (4) | 360 | 0.1 (7) |
Benzoylecgonine | 50 | 4.2 (4) | 95 | 0.2 (10) |
Cocaine | 10 | 2.1 (2) | 170 | 0.1 (4) |
MDMA | 20 | 0 | 270 | 0.0 (1) |
MDA | 20 | 0 | 220 | 0 |
Benzodiazepines | ng/mL | 7.3 (7) | ng/mL | 0.8 (43) |
Diazepam | 57 | 3.1 (3) | 2.0 | 0.5 (25) |
Clonazepam | 10 | 3.1 (3) | 1.7 | 0.1 (6) |
Alprazolam | 10 | 3.1 (3) | 3.5 | 0.0 (1) |
Flunitrazepam | 1.6 | 2.1 (2) | 0.3 | 0.1 (3) |
Oxazepam | 50 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 (6) |
Nitrazepam | 7.0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0.1 (5) |
Cannabis (THC) | 1.0 ng/mL | 3.1 (3) | 27 ng/mL | 0.7 (39) |
Z- Hypnotics | ng/mL | 2.1 (2) | ng/mL | 0.9 (49) |
Zopiclone | 10 | 2.1 (2) | 25 | 0.9 (49) |
Zolpidem | 37 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Opiates | ng/mL | 1.0 (1) | ng/mL | 0.3 (18) |
Methadone | 10 | 1.0 (1) | 22 | 0.1 (3) |
Morphine | 10 | 1.0 (1) | 95 | 0.0 (1) |
Codeine | 10 | 0 | 94 | 0.2 (13) |
Heroin (6-MAM) | 10 | 0 | 16 | 0.0 (1) |
Combinations with alcohol | ||||
Alcohol and other psychoactive substance(−s) | 4.2 (4) | 0 (2) | ||
Positive samples with no alcohol | ||||
1 non- alcohol substance | 3.1 (3) | 2.5 (132) | ||
2 non- alcohol substances | 4.2 (4) | 0.3 (16) | ||
3 or more non- alcohol substances | 3.1 (3) | 0.1 (4) | ||