Instrument | Concept measured | Validation | Outcome assessor | Structure of instrument; scoring | Time of measurement | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | Place of evaluation |  | Prenatal | 3 mths after birth | 6 mths after birth | 12 mths after birth | 18 mths after birth | 24 months after birth |
Edinburgh Post- partum Depression Scale (EPDS) | Pre and pospartum depression | Cox et al., 1987 [40] | Mother during home visits | 10 items, 4 point-Likert scales (0–3) | X | X | X | X |  |  |
 |  | French validation: Guedeney & Fermanian, 1995 [41] |  | Range 0–30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Higher scores indicate higher levels of depressive symptoms. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory | Quality of the home environment (quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to the child in the home environment) | Bradley & Caldwell, 1979 [42] | Assessment team during home visits | Designed for use during infancy (birth to age three). | Â | X | Â | X | X | Â |
 |  | French validation Gunning et al, 2004 [43] |  | 45 items (yes/no response) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Six subscales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Parental Responsitivity (11 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Acceptance of the child (8 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Organization of the environment (6 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Learning Materials (9 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Parental Involvement (6 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Variety in Experience (5 items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Highest scores for each subscale indicate greater environment. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL 1½-5) | Child behavioural disorders | Achenbach 2009 [44] | Assessment team during home visits | 100 items, Likert scales (0–2) |  |  |  |  |  | X |
 |  |  |  | Range 0–200 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  | French validation: Ivanova et al, 2010 [45] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | A total score and 7 syndrome scales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Emotionally Reactive (0–18, clinical range (CR) >8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Anxious/Depressed (0–16, CR>8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Somatic Complaints (0–22, CR>6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Withdrawn (0–16, CR >5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Sleep Problems (0–14, CR>8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Attention Problems (0–10, CR>6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Aggressive Behaviour (0–38, CR>24) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Attachment Q –Sort (AQS) | Child’s attachment | Waters & Deane, 1985 [46] | Assessment team during home visits | Two raters assess each situation, during a home visit of two hours. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
 |  | French translation made and validated by a panel of infant mental health experts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 90 items |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Correlation with typical secure pattern: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Insecure attachment if < 0.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Secure attachment if ≥0.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ) | Mother’s attachment | Bifulco et al., 2003 [47] | Mother during home visit | 22 items, 5-point Likert scale (1–5). | X |  |  |  |  | X |
 |  |  |  | Range 0–110 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 1 global scale: Vulnerability (0–110, vulnerability if ≥ 57) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 2 sub-scales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Insecurity (range 0–60, insecure if > 30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Proximity seeking (range 0–50, proximity seeking if ≥ 27) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services Questionnaire | Use of social and / or medical services | Specifically designed for this research | Assessment team during home visits | Description of the use of 27 social and / or medical services | X | X | X | X | Â | X |
Social Support Interview (SS-A; SS-B) | Perception of social support received and level of satisfaction from the social network | Designed for this research based on Vaux, 1988 [48] | Assessment team during home visits | 6 items | X | X | Â | X | Â | X |
 |  |  |  | Description of social support structure (emotional, material, financial, socialization, valorization) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (Pacotis) | Parenting: mother perception of her attitude and behaviour towards her child, of her competence or incompetence and of her emotional investment of the child. | Boivin et al., 2005 [49] | Mother during home visit | 17 items, numeral rating scales (0–10) |  | X |  | X |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 3 sub-scales (mean score of items) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Parental self-efficacy; Perception of parental impact; Hostile-reactive parenting behaviour |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Higher sub-scale scores indicate lower parental self-efficacy, perception of less parental impact on the child's behaviour, and higher parental use of hostile-reaction behaviour. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brunet-Lézine developmental test (BL-Revised) | Child development (0 to 5 years) | Brunet & Lezine, 1965 [50] | Assessment team during home visits | Developmental age (developmental quotient) |  |  | X | X |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 4 dimensions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Language |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Motor gross |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Motor fine |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Social relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 30 item test scored partly |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | on observation, partly on questions to parents |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  | Original scale in French |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alarm Baby Distress scale (ADBB) | Sustained withdrawal behaviour | Guedeney & Fermanian, 2001 [51] in France | Assessment team during home visits | 8 items, 5-point Likert scale (0–4), Range 0–32 |  |  |  |  | X |  |
 |  |  |  | Withdrawal behaviour if ≥ 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) | Mother’s knowledge of infant development | McPhee, 1981 [52] | Mother during home visit | 48 items (−1, 0, 1) | X | X |  |  |  | X |
 |  |  |  | Range −48 to 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Highest scores indicate better knowledge. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Parental Stress Inventory (PSI) | Parental stress | Abidin & Wilfong, 1989 [53] | Mother during home visit | 24 items, Likert scales (1–5) |  | X | X | X |  | X |
 |  |  |  | Two subscales (mean score of items): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Parental stress |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Dysfunctional interaction |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Higher scores indicate greater parental stress. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Symptom Check-list (SCL-90) | Mother’s psychological disorders | Derogatis, 1994 [54] | Mother during home visits | 90 items, 5 point-Likert scales (0–4) | X | X |  |  |  | X |
 |  |  |  | 10 subscales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Somatization (0–48) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Obsessive-Compulsive (0–40) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Interpersonal Sensitivity (0–36) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Depression (0–52) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Anxiety (0–40) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hostility (0–24) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Phobic Anxiety (0–32) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Paranoid Ideation (0–24) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Psychoticism (0–40) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Other symptoms (0–28) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Higher scores indicate greater clinical impairment. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Working Alliance Inventory (WAI)* | Working alliance between the mother and the CAPEDP intervention psychologist | Horvath & Greenberg, 1989 [55] | Mother during home visits | 12 items, Likert scale (1–7) |  | X | X | X | X | X |
 |  |  |  | Range 12–84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  | French validation Guedeney et al, 2005 [56] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Higher scores indicate better working alliance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)# | Infants’ Attachment | Ainsworth & al, 1978 [57] | Assessment team viewing video of infant in attachment laboratory | Categorical |  |  |  | X |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 to 15 mths) |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Attachment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Secure |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Insecure-Avoidant |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Disorganised/Disoriented |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) # | Maternal Disruptive Behaviour | Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, & Parsons, 1999 [58] | Assessment team viewing video of mother in attachment laboratory | Categorical: | Â | Â | Â | X | Â | Â |
 |  |  |  | Maternal Affective Communication not Disrupted if < 5 |  |  |  | (12 to 15 mths) |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Maternal Affective Communication Disrupted if ≥ 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 2 Sub-styles: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Withdrawal /Disoriented |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hostile/Role Confusion |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insightfulness Assessment (IA) # | Maternal Auto-reflexive function | Oppenheim & Koren-Karie 2002 [59] | Assessment team viewing video and interview of mother in Attachment laboratory | 10 scales, giving way to a 4 category classification: | Â | Â | Â | X | Â | Â |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 to 15 mths) |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Positive Insight |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | One-sided |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Disengaged |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Mixed |  |  |  |  |  |  |