Table 3 Recognition of cancer warning signs by gender, ethnicity, age and knowing someone with cancer
From: Cancer awareness among adolescents in Britain: a cross-sectional study
Cancer warning sign % Yes (n) | Gender (n = 478) | Ethnicity (n = 470) | Age (n = 458) | Knew someone with cancer (n = 441) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Significance* | White | Other | Significance* | Child | Teenager | Significance* | Yes | No | Significance* | |
(n = 250) | (n = 228) | (n = 438) | (n = 32) | (n = 108) | (n = 350) | (n = 292) | (n = 149) | |||||
Lump or swelling | 88.3 (219) | 91.2 (208) | χ2(1, 476) = 1.10 | 89.7 (391) | 90.6 (29) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.03 | 80.4 (86) | 93.7 (327) | χ 2 (1, 456) = 17.02 | 93.1 (271) | 85.8 (127) | χ 2 (1, 439) = 6.20 |
p = 0.295 | p = 1.000† | p < 0.001 | p = 0.013 | |||||||||
Unexplained pain | 47.6 (118) | 44.7 (101) | χ2(1, 474) = 0.40 | 46.0 (200) | 45.2 (14) | χ2(1, 466) = 0.01 | 38.3 (41) | 48.1 (167) | χ2(1, 454) = 3.17 | 48.1 (139) | 41.9 (62) | χ2(1, 437) = 1.52 |
p = 0.528 | p = 0.930 | p = 0.075 | p = 0.218 | |||||||||
Unexplained bleeding | 48.0 (119) | 49.6 (113) | χ2(1, 476) = 0.12 | 49.2 (215) | 41.9 (13) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.61 | 43.5 (47) | 50.6 (176) | χ2(1, 456) = 1.64 | 54.3 (158) | 37.8 (56) | χ 2 (1, 439) = 10.64 |
p = 0.731 | p = 0.434 | p = 0.200 | p = 0.001 | |||||||||
Cough or hoarseness | 36.7 (91) | 26.8 (61) | χ 2 (1, 476) = 5.40 | 31.8 (139) | 25.8 (8) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.48 | 23.1 (25) | 34.2 (119) | χ 2 (1, 456) = 4.66 | 35.4 (103) | 28.4 (42) | χ2(1, 439) = 2.18 |
p = 0.020 | p = 0.487 | p = 0.031 | p = 0.139 | |||||||||
Change in bowel/bladder habits | 54.4 (135) | 53.3 (121) | χ2(1, 475) = 0.06 | 55.5 (242) | 35.5 (11) | χ 2 (1, 467) = 4.67 | 56.5 (61) | 53.9 (187) | χ2(1, 455) = 0.22 | 60.3 (175) | 41.9 (62) | χ 2 (1, 438) = 13.44 |
p = 0.805 | p = 0.031 | p = 0.637 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
Difficulty swallowing | 36.6 (90) | 35.2 (80) | χ2(1, 473) = 0.09 | 35.4 (154) | 41.9 (13) | χ2(1, 466) = 0.54 | 26.9 (29) | 38.4 (133) | χ 2 (1, 454) = 4.82 | 36.2 (105) | 33.6 (49) | χ2(1, 436) = 0.30 |
p = 0.761 | p = 0.464 | p = 0.028 | p = 0.585 | |||||||||
Change in appearance of a mole | 54.5 (134) | 64.5 (147) | χ 2 (1, 474) = 4.90 | 60.8 (265) | 41.9 (13) | χ 2 (1, 467) = 4.27 | 51.9 (56) | 62.5 (217) | χ2(1, 455) = 3.92 | 66.7 (194) | 50.0 (73) | χ 2 (1, 437) = 11.36 |
p = 0.027 | p = 0.039 | p = 0.048 | p = 0.001 | |||||||||
Sore that does not heal | 28.0 (69) | 19.7 (45) | χ 2 (1, 474) = 4.48 | 24.5 (107) | 22.6 (7) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.06 | 20.4 (22) | 25.6 (89) | χ2(1, 455) = 1.24 | 25.9 (75) | 22.4 (33) | χ2(1, 437) = 0.61 |
p = 0.034 | p = 0.806 | p = 0.265 | p = 0.435 | |||||||||
Unexplained weight loss | 42.1 (104) | 39.5 (90) | χ2(1, 475) = 0.34 | 41.3 (180) | 32.3 (10) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.98 | 36.1 (39) | 42.4 (147) | χ2(1, 455) = 1.33 | 43.8 (127) | 35.8 (53) | χ2(1, 438) = 2.58 |
p = 0.560 | p = 0.323 | p = 0.248 | p = 0.108 | |||||||||