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Table 3 Factors associated with delays exceeding their median value (bivariate analysis, adjusted for the hospital)

From: Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic delays in Chad: a multicenter, hospital-based survey in Ndjamena and Moundou

 

Extended patient delay OR [95% CI]

P

Extended health system delay OR [95% CI]

P

Extended total delay OR [95% CI]

P

Sociodemographic characteristics

Gender 

      

Male

1

 

1

 

1

 

Female

0.60 [0.36-1.00]

0.46

1.31 [0.79-2.19]

0.30

0.70 [0.42-1.17]

0.17

Age groups (years)

      

15 to 24

1

 

1

 

1

 

25 to 34

0.99 [0.52-1.89]

 

0.51 [0.26- 1]

 

0.58 [0.30-1.13]

 

35 to 44

1.18 [0.58-2.42]

 

0.91 [0.44-1.88]

 

0.73 [0.35-1.52]

 

45 to 55

1.63 [0.70-3.82]

 

0.63 [0.27-1.48]

 

0.81 [0.34-1.91]

 

55 and over

2.06 [0.67-6.32]

0.52

1.44 [0.45- 4.54]

0.13

1.13 [0.37-3.47]

0.49

Wealth score

      

1st quartile (lowest)

2.00 [1.01-4.00]

 

2.13 [1.05- 4.33]

 

2.57 [1.25-5.26]

 

2nd

1.73 [0.85-3.56]

 

1.49 [0.72-3.1]

 

1.79 [0.85-3.75]

 

3rd

1.21 [0.61-2.39]

 

1.09 [0.54-2.18]

 

1.30 [0.64-2.62]

 

4th (highest)

1

0.17

1

0.12

1

0.06

Numbers of years of education

      

0

1.07 [0.39- 2.96]

 

4.29 [1.42-13.02]

 

2.71 [0.96-7.67]

 

1 to 4

1.12 [0.39-3.23]

 

6.07 [1.91-19.26]

 

2.36 [0.81-6.91]

 

5 to 6

0.61 [0.24-1.58]

 

4.42 [1.55-12.62]

 

2.27 [0.86-5.96]

 

7 to 10

0.39 [0.15- 0.99]

 

2.87 [1.03-7.98]

 

1.38 [0.54-3.54]

 

≥ 10

1

0.02

1

0.03

1

0.19

Health insurance

      

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

0.41 [0.20- 0.85]

0.01

0.54 [ 0.26- 1.12]

0.10

0.5 [0.24-1.05]

0.06

How the patients planned to pay the additional expenses

      

Savings

1

0.02

1

0.21

1

0.51

Loan

3.34 [0.59-18.86]

 

1.18 [ 0.24-5.82]

 

2.43 [ 0.43- 13.78]

 

Help from relatives

1.29 [0.66-2.48]

 

1.58 [0.81-3.08]

 

1.48 [0.76- 2.90]

 

Working

2.50 [0.90-6.75]

 

0.61 [0.23-1.66]

 

1.14 [0.43- 3.05]

 

Selling belongings

5.85 [1.72-19.89]

 

1.15 [0.42-3.17]

 

2.22 [ 0.79- 6.24]

 

Residence

      

Urban

1

 

1

 

1

 

Rural

1.53 [0.81-2.88]

0.18

2.51 1.26-4.97]

0.007

2.68 [1.33-5.41]

0.006

Clinical aspects

Hemoptysis

      

No

1

0.21

1

0.14

1

0.05

Yes

0.69 [0.38- 1.23]

 

0.65 [0.36-1.16]

 

0.57 [0.31-1.02]

 

Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs

Did not know how TB is transmitted 

2.35 [1.26- 4.40]

0.01

1.38 [0.75-2.54]

0.30

1.58 [0.86-2.91]

0.14

Did not know what causes TB

1.34 [0.66- 2.71]

0.41

2.06 [1.02-4.13]

0.03

1.30 [0.80-3.21]

0.16

Did not know that TB treatment was free

0.83 [0.48-1.41]

0.49

0.47 [0.27-0.81]

0.006

0.64 [0.37-1.10]

0.10

Is there a link between AIDS and TB?

      

No

1

0.12

1

0.39

OR=1

0.41

Yes

0.57 [0.32-1.01]

 

0.74 [0.42-1.31]

 

0.79 [0.44-1.41]

 

Did not know

0.60 [0.32-1.13]

 

0.65 [0.35-1.23]

 

0.65 [0.35-1.23]

 

What treatment can cure TB?

      

Self- medication

4.46 [0.47-42.67]

0.02

0.85 [0.09-8.30]

0.0003

1.89 [0.18-19.96]

0.0001

Medical care

1

 

1

 

1

 

No answer

2.37 [1.38- 4.05]

 

2.38 [ 1.37- 4.13]

 

3.05 [1.73- 5.40]

 

Nothing

4.22 [0.43-41.99]

 

5.80 [0.56-60.43]

 

5.24 [0.42-65.45]

 

Traditional medicine

2.20 [1.05-4.60]

 

5.70 [2.39-13.65]

 

5.02 [2.16-11.67]

 

Access to and use of health services

Referral by a health facility

      

Yes

1

0.04

1

0.18

1

0.63

No

1.66 [1.02- 2.70]

 

1.41 [0.86- 2.32]

 

1.13 [0.69-1.85]

 

Distance from home to closest service

      

≤ 1 km

1

0.01

1

0.09

1

0.15

1 to 5 km

1.25 [0.75- 2.07]

 

0.99[0.59-1.66]

 

1.24 [0.74- 2.08]

 

≥ 5 km

3.99 [1.52-10.48]

 

2.56[1.05-6.24]

 

2.38 [0.99- 5.74]

 

First care received

      

Self-medication

1.58 [0.27-9.44]

0.10

0.77[0.14-4.15]

0.03

0.80 [0.15- 4.34]

0.09

Health center

1

 

1

 

1

 

Hospital

0.92 [0.46-1.84]

 

0.48[0.24-0.98]

 

0.70 [0.35- 1.41]

 

Pharmacist

0.19 [0.04-0.99]

 

0.50[0.13-1.98]

 

0.20 [0.04- 1.01]

 

Private doctor

0.37 [0.13-1.03]

 

0.62[0.23-1.68]

 

0.72 [ 0.26-1.99]

 

No health care

2.83 [0.31-26.29]

 

0.63[0.12-3.48]

 

0.62 [0.11- 3.40]

 

Informal drug market

0.57 [0.28-1.17]

 

1.38[0.66-2.87]

 

0.95 [0.46-1.96]

 

Traditional medicine

0.49 [0.21-1.14]

 

2.05[0.83-5.06]

 

2.46 [0.97- 6.24]

 
  1. OR: odds-ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
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