Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic delays in Chad: a multicenter, hospital-based survey in Ndjamena and Moundou

Ngangro, Ndeindo Ndeikoundam; Ngarhounoum, Doudeadoum; Ngangro, Mosurel N; Rangar, Ngakoutou; Siriwardana, Mahinda G; des Fontaines, Virginie Halley; Chauvin, Pierre

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-513

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Factors associated with delays exceeding their median value (univariate analysis )

From: Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic delays in Chad: a multicenter, hospital-based survey in Ndjamena and Moundou

	Size	Median PD [IQ]	Percentage of patients ≥ the median PD	P	Median HSD [IQ]	Percentage of patient ≥ the median HSD	P	Median TD [IQ]	Perecentage of patients ≥ the median TD	P
*Sociodemographic characteristics*
Gender
Male	192	15.0 [9.0 – 30. 0]	58.3	0.03	35.0 [18.5-66.0]	48.4	0.31	61.5 [33.0 – 94.0]	52.6	0.26
Female	94	11.5 [7.0 – 30.0]	44.7		39.5 [21.0-65.0]	55.3		52.0 [34.0 -89.0]	44.7
Age groups (years)
15 to 24	60	14.0 [7.0 – 25.5]	48.3	0.42	45.0 [20.0 – 70.0]	58.3	0.08	65.5 [33.0 – 95.0]	56.7	0.31
25 to 34	103	15.0 [7.0 - 30.0]	50.5		31.0 [19.0 – 54.0]	40.8		49.0 [31.0 – 88.0]	42.7
35 to 44	67	15.0 [7.0 – 27.0]	55.2		44.0 [16.0 – 64.0]	55.2		57.0 [33.0 – 88.0]	49.3
45 to 55	37	15.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	62.2		35.0 [21.0 – 78.0]	48.7		63.0 [40.0 – 108.0]	54
55 and over	19	21.0 [10.0 – 60.0]	68.42		46.0 [20.0 – 65.0]	68.4		67.0 [45.0 – 109.0]	63.2
Wealth score
1^st quartile (lowest)	78	15.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	61.5	0.10	49.0 [23.0 – 68.0]	60.3	0.26	71.0 [42.0 -115.0]	60.3	0.19
2^nd	68	15.5 [7.0 – 30.0]	60.3		33.0 [18.0 – 59.0]	48.5		55.5 [37.5 – 88.0]	48.5
3^rd	79	14.0 [7.0 – 24.0]	48.1		33.0 [18.0 – 60.0]	45.6		51.0 [30.0 – 90.0]	45.6
4^th (highest)	61	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	44.3		35.0 [20.0 – 66.0]	47.5		48.0 [28.0 -88.0]	44.3
Numbers of years of education
0	58	17.0 [10.0 – 31.0]	66.7	0.005	42.0 [21.0 – 68.0]	51.9	0.07	64.5 [35.0 – 115.0]	55.6	0.42
1 to 4	43	15.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	67.4		42.0 [18.0 – 66.0]	60.5		61.0 [36.0 – 110.0]	53.5
5 to 6	77	15.0 [7.0 - 30.0]	52		45.0 [23.0 – 69.0]	55.8		64.0 [40.0 – 90.0]	54.6
7 to 10	87	13.0 [7.0 – 21.0]	39.1		35.0 [19.0 – 65.0]	48.3		50.0 [30.0 – 85.0]	44.8
≥ 10	24	21.0 [12.0 – 30.0]	62.5		22.5 [14.5 – 39.0]	25		46.5 [31.5 -92.5]	37.5
Health insurance
Yes	39	12.0 [7.0 – 30. 0]	35.9	0.02	26.0 [12.0 – 63.0 ]	35.9	0.06	37.0 [25.0 – 86.0]	33.3	0.04
No	247	15.0 [7.0 -30.0]	56.7		40.0 [20.0 – 66.0]	53		61.0 [36.0 – 95.0]	52.6
How the patients planned to pay the additional expenses
Savings	51	14.0 [7.0 – 22.0]	71.4	0.01	38.0 [17.0 – 55.0]	57.1	0.38	56.0 [33.0 – 80.0]	71.4	0.8
Loan	7	30.0 [7.0 – 45.0]	45.1		43.0 [21.0 – 59.0]	51		73.0 [48.0 – 105.0]	49
Help from relatives	167	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	50.9		41.0 [19.0 – 67.0]	55.1		58.0 [33.0 – 95.0]	50.3
Working	28	15.0 [7.0 – 40.0]	60.7		35.0 [21.0 – 67.0]	35.7		54.5 [38.5 – 85.0]	46.4
Selling belongings	25	30.0 [17.0 -45.0]	84		29.0 [23.0 – 61.0]	44		68.0 [47.0 – 115.0]	56
Rural residence
Yes	50	20.5 [10.0 – 45.0]	64	0.12	54.5 [23.0 – 100.0]	66	0.01	93.0 [48.0 – 123.0]	66	0.02
No	236	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	51.7		34.5 [19.0 – 60.0]	47.5		53.5 [32.5 – 88.0]	46.6
*Clinical aspects*
Hemoptysis
Yes	61	19.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	60.7	0.25	54.0 [26.0-72.0]	59	0.15	75.0 [39.0 – 113.0]	60.7	0.08
No	225	15.0 [7.0- 30.0]	52		35.0 [18.0 – 60.0]	48.4		55.0 [32.0 – 88.0]	47.1
HIV serological status
Negative	118	14.0 [7.0 -30.0]	46.5	0.13	44.0 [21.0 – 71.0]	56.8	0.06	62.5 [36.0 – 105.0]	53.4	0.04
Positive	62	16.0 [9.0 -30.0]	62.9		41.5 [21.0 - 64.0]	54.8		66.5 [45.0 – 99.0]	59.7
Unknown	106	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	55.7		31.5 [14.0 – 60.0]	41.5		49.5 [30.0 – 83.0]	40.6
Do people hide their TB?
Yes	224	14.0 [7.0 -30.0]	49.6	0.02	41.0 [20.0 – 66.0]	52.7	0.25	61.5 [33.0 – 92.0]	52.7	0.10
No	46	20.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	71.7		33.5 [19.0 – 66.0]	47.8		51.0 [37.0 – 108.0]	45.7
Did not know	16	18.5 [10.0 – 25.5]	62.5		17.5 [10.0 – 47.5]	31.3		46.5 [27.5 – 63.5]	25
*Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs*
Knew what causes TB
Yes	37	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	46	0.38	32.0 [17.0 71.0]	40.5	0.22	52.0 [36.0 – 99.0]	46	0.72
No	249	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	55		38.0 [20.0 – 64.0]	52.2		58.0 [33.0 – 93.0]	50.6
Knew how TB is transmitted
Yes	58	9.5[7.0 – 21.0]	34.5	0.001	35 [20-65]	48.3	0.77	49.0 [30.0 – 78.0]	44.8	0.46
No	228	15.0[8.5 – 30.0]	58.8		36.5 [19-65.5]	51.3		59.5 [34.5 – 94.0]	51.3
Knew that TB treatment was free
Yes	111	15.0 [7.0 – 25.0]	55	0.80	23.0 [12.0 – 51.0]	35.1	0.0003	45.0 [28.0 – 75.0]	37.8	0.002
No	175	15.0 [7.0- 30.0]	53.1		46.0 [25.0 – 69.0]	60.6		67.0 [39.0 -101.0]	57.7
Is there a link between AIDS and TB?
Yes	102	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	47.1	0.18	35.0 [19.0 – 70.0]	49	0.04	52.5 [30.0 – 93.0]	49	0.04
No	98	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	60.20		44.5 [24.0 – 66.0]	60.2		69.5 [48.0 – 108.0]	59.2
Did not know	86	15.0 [10.0 – 21.0]	54.7		28.0 [15.0 – 51.0]	41.9		47.0 [31.0 – 73.0]	40.7
What treatment can cure TB?
Self- medication	5	15.0 [15.0 – 20.0]	80	0.02	12.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	20	0.0001	30.0 [25.0 – 32.0]	20	0.0001
Medical care	120	10.0 [7.0 – 21.0]	40.8		25.5 [17.0 – 52.0]	37.5		45.0 [30.5 – 74.5]	35.8
No answer	114	18.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	63.2		38.0 [19.0 – 70.0]	53.5		63.5 [37.0 – 105.0]	55.3
Nothing	4	22.5 [11.0 – 30.0]	75		50.5 [27.0 – 63.0]	75		73.0 [38.0 -93.0]	50
Traditional medicine	43	15.0 [11.0 – 30.0]	60.5		57.0 [43.0 – 74.0]	81.4		75.0 [58.0 – 107.0]	79.1
Access to and use of health services
Referral by a health facility
Yes	127	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	46.5	0.03	35.0 [19.0 – 64.0]	49.6	0.81	62.0 [35.0 – 91.0]	52	0.63
No	159	15.0 [8.0 – 30.0]	59.8		36.0 [19.0 – 66.0]	51.6		56.0 [30.0 -95.0]	48.4
Distance from home to the closest service
≤ 1km	146	14.0 [7.0 - 24.0]	48	0.01	35.0 [19.0 -65.0]	49.3	0.08	52.0 [34.0 -89.0]	46.6	0.14
1 to 5 km	109	15.0 [7.0 - 30.0]	55		35.0 [19.0 -61.0]	47.7		58.0 [30.0 – 90.0]	50.5
≥ 5 km	30	30.0 [30.0 - 45.0]	80		55.0 [26.0 – 71.0]	70		89.0 [52.0 -115.0]	66.7
First health care received
Self-medication	6	18 [14 – 35]	66.7	0.14	38.5 [33 – 43]	50	0.006	56.0 [45.0 – 75.0]	50	0.04
Health center	62	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	61.3		39.5 [19.0 – 66.0]	51.6		57.5 [33.0 – 93.0]	50
Hospital	78	15.0 [10.0 – 30.0]	61.5		20.5 [10.0 – 53.0]	32		40.5 [27.5 – 75.0]	38.5
Pharmacist	10	9.0 [7.0 – 14.0]	20		34.5 [19.0 -49.0]	40		43.0 [37.0 – 56.0]	20
Private doctor	23	14.0 [7.0 – 21.0]	39.1		35.0 [20.0 – 85.0]	47.8		61.0 [30.0 – 103.0]	52.2
No health care	6	30.0 [15.0 – 30.0]	83.3		48.0 [20.0 – 71.0]	50		63.5 [49.0 – 101.0]	50
Informal drug market	63	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	47.6		44.0 [23.0 – 69.0]	63.5		64.0 [37.0 -113.0]	54
Traditional medicine	38	14.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	47.4		54.0[34.0 – 81.0]	71		68.5 [50.0 – 110.0]	73.7
Knew a health professional
Yes	101	14.0 [7.0 – 27.0]	42.6	0.006	43.0 [20.0 – 66.0]	56.4	0.17	63.0 [36.0 – 95.0]	55.5	0.22
No	185	15.0 [9.0 – 30.0]	60		34.0 [19.0 – 65.0]	47.6		56.0 [32.0 – 93.0]	47
Hospital
HU	69	14.0 [7.0 – 21.0]	44.9	0.06	35.0 [20.0 -70.0]	49.3	0.0002	56 [32-93]	46.4	0.0001
HGRN	153	15.0 [7.0 – 30.0]	52.9		45.0 [23.0 -67.0]	60.1		68 [41-101]	60.8
HM	64	15.0 [10.0- 23.5]	65.5		22.0 [11.0 – 40.0]	29.7		40 [27-63]	28.1

IQ: Interquartile range.

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