Table 3 Noncommunicable disease prevalence (%) by education level, and education-related inequality among adults of 41 low- and middle-income countries, World Health Survey 2002-04
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Angina | Arthritis | Asthma | Depression | Diabetes | Co-morbidity | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | ||||||
Men | Middle-income group | No formal schooling | 12.0 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 9.0 | |
| Â | Â | Less than primary school | 10.5 | 9.3 | 11.8 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 7.8 | 6.7 | 9.0 | |
| Â | Â | Primary school completed | 10.9 | 9.7 | 12.1 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 8.2 | |
| Â | Â | Secondary/high school completed | 8.5 | 7.8 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 5.8 | |
| Â | Â | College completed or above | 6.6 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.9 | |
|  |  | Slope index of inequality | Model 1* | 4.8 | 2.0 | 7.5 | 1.4 | −1.0 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 7.8 | 1.6 | −0.1 | 3.3 | −1.1 | −2.5 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 5.6 |
|  |  |  | Model 2** | 1.0 | −2.1 | 4.0 | −0.2 | −2.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 5.1 | 0.5 | −1.6 | 2.6 | 0.0 | −1.5 | 1.4 | 0.6 | −2.1 | 3.4 |
| Â | Low-income group | No formal schooling | 10.2 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 6.1 | |
| Â | Â | Less than primary school | 10.1 | 9.1 | 11.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 5.8 | |
| Â | Â | Primary school completed | 8.2 | 7.3 | 9.1 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.9 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 4.5 | |
| Â | Â | Secondary/high school completed | 6.4 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 3.6 | |
| Â | Â | College completed or above | 4.4 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 3.3 | |
|  |  | Slope index of inequality | Model 1* | 7.6 | 5.2 | 10.0 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 5.9 | 1.9 | −0.4 | 4.2 | −3.7 | −4.9 | −2.4 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 6.5 |
|  |  |  | Model 2** | 4.1 | 1.4 | 6.9 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 0.3 | −2.4 | 3.0 | −2.0 | −3.2 | −0.8 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 4.7 |
Women | Middle-income group | No formal schooling | 17.9 | 16.4 | 19.4 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 11.8 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 13.5 | 7.7 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 15.2 | 13.9 | 16.5 | |
| Â | Â | Less than primary school | 17.0 | 15.2 | 18.9 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 12.6 | |
| Â | Â | Primary school completed | 16.2 | 14.8 | 17.5 | 11.8 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 7.7 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 8.9 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 13.1 | |
| Â | Â | Secondary/high school completed | 13.3 | 12.5 | 14.2 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 9.5 | |
| Â | Â | College completed or above | 9.5 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 6.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 6.3 | |
|  |  | Slope index of inequality | Model 1* | 5.6 | 1.9 | 9.3 | 0.0 | −2.6 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 8.4 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 0.3 | −2.0 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 7.2 |
|  |  |  | Model 2** | 0.9 | −2.7 | 4.6 | −0.7 | −3.5 | 2.0 | 2.9 | −0.4 | 6.2 | 1.4 | −1.3 | 4.1 | 1.7 | −0.1 | 3.6 | 1.9 | −1.2 | 5.1 |
| Â | Low-income group | No formal schooling | 14.7 | 13.9 | 15.5 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 8.2 | |
| Â | Â | Less than primary school | 15.1 | 13.9 | 16.3 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 8.0 | |
| Â | Â | Primary school completed | 11.6 | 10.2 | 13.0 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 6.3 | |
| Â | Â | Secondary/high school completed | 10.6 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 7.7 | |
| Â | Â | College completed or above | 9.0 | 7.5 | 10.6 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 | |
|  |  | Slope index of inequality | Model 1* | 7.8 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 1.9 | −0.1 | 3.8 | 6.6 | 4.3 | 8.9 | −4.6 | −6.7 | −2.5 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 7.8 |
|  |  |  | Model 2** | 3.8 | 0.2 | 7.5 | 1.2 | −1.7 | 4.1 | 1.3 | −0.8 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 7.3 | −1.8 | −3.4 | −0.1 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 6.8 |