Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample
| Â | Never smoked | Smoked | Â | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n | (%) | n | (%) | χ 2 | |
Gender (n = 2686) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 78.21 | *** |
   Boys | 831 | (60.13) | 551 | (39.87) |  |  |
   Girls | 992 | (76.07) | 312 | (23.93) |  |  |
Residential area (n = 2686) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 43.88 | *** |
   Taipei (urban) | 1062 | (73.39) | 385 | (26.61) |  |  |
   Hsinchu (rural) | 761 | (61.42) | 478 | (38.58) |  |  |
Perceived school performance (n = 2341) | Â | Â | 6.46 | * | ||
   Poor | 861 | (67.21) | 420 | (32.79) |  |  |
   Fair | 575 | (64.90) | 311 | (35.10) |  |  |
   Good | 130 | (74.71) | 44 | (25.29) |  |  |
Single-parent family (n = 2668) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 54.92 | *** |
   No | 1559 | (71.03) | 636 | (28.97) |  |  |
   Yes | 253 | (53.49) | 220 | (46.51) |  |  |
SES (n = 2611) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 54.18 | *** |
   Low | 341 | (57.02) | 257 | (42.98) |  |  |
   Medium | 1037 | (69.41) | 457 | (30.59) |  |  |
   High | 400 | (77.07) | 119 | (22.93) |  |  |
Parental smoking (n = 2418) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 84.48 | *** |
   Neither | 743 | (78.05) | 209 | (21.95) |  |  |
   One | 815 | (64.43) | 450 | (35.57) |  |  |
   Both | 99 | (49.25) | 102 | (50.75) |  |  |
Peer smoking (n = 2540) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 463.45 | *** |
   None | 556 | (90.11) | 61 | (9.89) |  |  |
   Few | 900 | (71.60) | 357 | (28.40) |  |  |
   Over half | 234 | (35.14) | 432 | (64.86) |  |  |
Community attachment (n = 2686) | Â | Â | Â | 12.71 | ** | |
   Low | 591 | (66.18) | 302 | (33.82) |  |  |
   Medium | 893 | (66.59) | 448 | (33.41) |  |  |
   High | 339 | (75.00) | 113 | (25.00) |  |  |
Scores | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | t | Â |
Depressive symptoms | 11.06 | (2.76) | 11.57 | (2.79) | -4.46 | *** |
Self-competence | 21.15 | (4.01) | 20.28 | (3.97) | 5.13 | *** |
Parental support | 18.89 | (4.32) | 17.29 | (4.71) | 8.41 | *** |
Parental supervision | 13.22 | (2.82) | 12.21 | (3.19) | 7.74 | *** |
School attachment | 10.86 | (1.43) | 10.22 | (1.54) | 10.18 | *** |