Table 1 Sample characteristics in the four catchment areas, with the effects of Socio Economic Status (SES), adjusting for city
Catchment area | Low SES Islamabad | High SES Islamabad | Low SES Rawalpindi | High SES Rawalpindi | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | N = 150 | N = 125 | N = 125 | N = 125 | Effect of SES (Low vs. High - Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios with 95% CI) |
Sociodemographic circumstances | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 27.1 (5.2) | 25.2 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.8) | 26.8 (4.6) | Â |
Married | 102 (68.0%) | 54 (43.2%) | 74 (59.2%) | 74 (59.2%) | 1.7 (1.3-2.5) |
Nuclear (vs. joint) household | 112 (74.7%) | 66 (52.8%) | 57 (45.6%) | 57 (45.6%) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3) |
Employed outside of the home | 18 (12.0%) | 30 (24.0%) | 23 (18.4%) | 33 (26.4%) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) |
Psychological morbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
SRQ score > = 8 | 124 (82.7%) | 56 (44.8%) | 78 (62.4%) | 33 (26.4%) | 5.2 (3.5-7.6) |
SRQ score, mean (SD) | 11.4 (4.1) | 7.6 (3.6) | 9.6 (5.0) | 5.3 (3.5) | F = 125.7, P < 0.001 |
Gender disadvantage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Parents would have preferred a boy | 69 (46.0%) | 34 (27.2%) | 87 (69.9%) | 27 (21.6%) | 4.0 (2.8-5.9) |
Parents favoured male relatives | 18 (12.0%) | 13 (10.4%) | 67 (53.6%) | 12 (9.6%) | 4.2 (2.6-6.7) |
Male relatives had more access to health and education | 17 (11.3%) | 4 (3.2%) | 10 (8.0%) | 4 (3.3%) | 3.2 (1.4-7.3) |
Parental Bonding Interview Care, mean (SD) | 11.2 (2.4) | 14.6 (3.9) | 11.7 (2.4) | 16.6 (3.4) | F = 226.2, P < 0.001 |
Parental Bonding Interview Overprotection, mean (SD) | 22.1 (3.6) | 15.2 (3.3) | 22.1 (3.1) | 16.0 (3.8) | F = 450.3, P < 0.001 |
Education (ten years or less) | 121 (80.6%) | 7 (5.6%) | 67 (53.6%) | 2 (1.6%) | 70.6 (32.7-152.3) |
Age at marriage in years, mean (SD) | 18.7 (1.5) | 23.6 (3.1) | 19.3 (1.9) | 22.8 (1.8) | F = 300.6, P < 0.001 |
Marital satisfaction, mean (SD) | -4.3 (7.0) | -0.7 (8.5) | -4.2 (9.2) | 3.1 (9.3) | F = 30.5, P < 0.001 |
Autonomy, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.2) | F = 73.8, P < 0.001 |
Socioeconomic status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Household income, mean (SD) | 7300 (3403) | 66592 (47689) | 9918 (3850) | 47705 (31891) | F = 140.4, P < 0.001 |
Household wealth index, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.5) | 7.5 (2.7) | 2.9 (1.8) | 7.8 (2.1) | F = 310.4, P < 0.001 |
Other potential confounders | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Life events (one or more) | 107 (71.3%) | 79 (63.2%) | 93 (74.4%) | 77 (61.6%) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3) |
Confiding/emotional support, mean (SD) | 22.1 (3.8) | 25.1 (4.4) | 23.6 (3.7) | 25.9 (4.0) | F = 56.7, P < 0.001 |
Number of children, mean (SD) (married women only) | 3.1 (1.7) | 1.7 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.4) | F = 11.8, P < 0.001 |
No son (married women only) | 20 (19.6%) | 27 (50.0%) | 25 (33.8%) | 28 (37.8%) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) |