Table 4 Factors associated with alcohol use in pregnancy expressed as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

Participant characteristics

Age

   18 to 29 years

Reference

Reference

Reference

   30 to 45 years

0.8 (0.6 to 1.3)

1.0 (0.7 to 1.4)

1.2 (0.9 to 1.8)

Birth history

   Nulliparous

Reference

Reference

   Given birth

1.5 (1.1 to 2.2)*

2.5 (1.7 to 3.8)**

Highest education level

   Less than year 12

Reference

Reference

Reference

   Completed year 12

1.8 (1.0 to 3.0)*

1.7 (116 to 2.7)*

1.5 (0.9 to 2.5)

   Post school qualification below bachelor degree

1.2 ( 0.8 to 2.0)

1.8 (1.2 to 2.7)*

1.4 (0.9 to 2.1)

   Bachelor degree or higher

2.2 (1.4 to 3.5)*

2.5 (1.6 to 3.9) **

2.2 (1.40 to 3.5)*

Knowledge

Disagree that "Drinking alcohol in pregnancy can affect the unborn child"

3.8 (2.1 to 6.7)**

3.1 ( 2.0 to 5.0)**

3.6 (2.2 to 5.90)**

Disagree that "Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to life-long disabilities in a child"

2.4 (1.6 to 3.5)**

2.4 (1.7 to 3.3)**

2.4 (1.7 to 3.4)**

Attitudes

Disagree that "Pregnant women should not drink alcohol"

8.2 (5.5 to 12.2)**

7.5 (5.4 to 10.5)**

8.3 (5.9 to 11.7)**

Neutral or positive attitudes towards alcohol in pregnancy

6.2 (4.2 to 9.1)**

4.9 (3.6 to 6.8)**

5.1 (3.6 to 7.1)**

Alcohol consumption and smoking

Drank alcohol in last pregnancy

29.6 (19.1 to 45.7)**

43.9 (27.0 to 71.4)**

Frequency of current alcohol consumption

   Less than 1 day per week

Reference

Reference

Reference

   1 to 4 days per week

3.4 (2.4 to 4.8)**

2.3 (1.8 to 3.1)**

1.9 (1.4 to 2.6)**

   5 or more days per week

9.3 (4.8 to 18.0)**

4.1 (2.5 to 6.9)**

3.2 (1.9 to 5.4)**

Maximum number of standard drinks in a day in the last 12 months

   0 drinks

Reference

Reference

Reference

   1 to 2 drinks

11.1 (3.8 to 32.2)**

2.3 (1.3 to 4.1)*

1.6 (0.9 to 2.9)

   3 to 6 drinks

17.8 (6.3 to 50.2)**

3.0 (1.7 to 5.1)**

2.0 (1.1 to 3.4)*

   7 or more drinks

21.4 (7.5 to 61.4)**

4.5 (2.6 to 7.8)**

2.7 (1.6 to 4.8)**

Smoked in last pregnancy

1.8 (1.2 to 2.8)*

1.5 (1.0 to 2.3)

1.6 (1.0 to 2.5)*

Intend to smoke if planning pregnancy

2.5 (1.4 to 4.4)*

2.4 (1.4 to 4.4)*

Intend to smoke if pregnant

3.9 (2.0 to 7.3)**

4.7 (2.5 to 9.0)**