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Table 3 Risk factorsa for cardiovascular disease in individuals with and without diabetes by country of birth

From: Cardiovascular disease by diabetes status in five ethnic minority groups compared to ethnic Norwegians

Risk factor b

Diabetes

status

Norway

(N = 13967)

Sri Lanka

(N = 1127)

Pakistan

(N = 859)

Iran

(N = 695)

Vietnam

(N = 658)

Turkey

(N = 548)

% CVD/DM c

 

2.9/1.8

5.8/13.3

7.4/15.0

7.5/3.0

8.2/6.7

6.9/9.1

BMI, kg/m2

Mean (95% CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

25.6 (25.5-25.7)

28.8 (28.3-29.3)

26.0 (25.8-26.3)

26.6 (25.8-27.4)

28.0 (27.7-28.3)

29.9 (29.2-30.7)

26.4 (26.1-26.7)

28.1 (26.1-30.0)

23.5 (23.2-23.8)

25.3 (24.0-26.6)

28.9 (28.6-29.3)

30.8 (29.4-32.2)

p =

 

< 0.001

0.199

< 0.001

0.092

0.010

0.012

WHratio,

Mean (95% CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

0.84 (0.84-0.85)

0.90 (0.89-0.91)

0.88 (0.88-0.89)

0.92 (0.91-0.93)

0.89 (0.89-0.90)

0.93 (0.92-0.95)

0.85 (0.84-0.85)

0.89 (0.86-0.92)

0.84 (0.83-0.84)

0.88 (0.85-0.90)

0.87 (0.86-0.87)

0.90 (0.88-0.92)

p =

 

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.007

0.001

0.004

SBP, mmHg

Mean (95%CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

128.4(128.1-128.7)

132.1(130.2-134.1)

123.7(122.8-124.7)

126.1(123.1-129.2)

124.2(123.1-125.4)

129.7(126.9-132.5)

121.1(119.9-122.2)

124.8(117.5-132.0)

121.5(120.3-122.7)

121.1(116.2-125.9)

123.5(122.1-124.8)

127.2(122.0-132.4)

p =

 

< 0.001

0.136

< 0.001

0.326

0.871

0.172

DBP, mmHg

Mean (95% CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

74.9 (74.7-75.0)

74.7 (73.4-75.9)

74.3 (73.7-75.0)

74.7 (72.7-76.7)

74.5 (73.8-75.2)

75.5 (73.7-77.4)

72.1 (71.3-72.8)

73.6 (68.8-78.4)

72.8 (72.0-73.6)

73.0 (69.7-76.2)

73.2 (72.3-74.1)

73.0 (69.6-76.5)

p =

 

0.761

0.751

0.307

0.540

0.919

0.925

S-Chol/

HDL-chol ratio

Mean (95% CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

4.0 (4.0-4.1)

4.3 (4.2-4.5)

4.9 (4.8-4.9)

4.8 (4.6-5.1)

4.8 (4.7-4.9)

5.1 (4.8-5.3)

4.5 (4.4-4.6)

4.6 (4.0-5.2)

4.1 (4.0-4.2)

4.3 (3.9-4.8)

4.7 (4.5-4.8)

4.9 (4.5-5.3)

p =

 

< 0.001

0.822

0.051

0.600

0.325

0.274

S-TG,

mean (95% CI)

DM,no

DM,yes

1.6 (1.5-1.6)

2.1 (1.8-2.4)

2.0 (1.6-2.4)

2.8 (1.3-5.8)

2.2 (1.9-2.4)

3.2 (2.5-4.2)

1.7 (1.3-2.2)

2.2 (0.8-6.1)

1.6 (1.4-1.9)

2.1 (1.2-3.8)

2.4 (2.0-2.8)

3.9 (1.9-8.2)

p =

 

< 0.001

0.064

< 0.001

0.948

0.382

0.001

% Current smoker

DM,no

DM,yes

30.4 (29.6-31.1)

39.8 (32.4-47.3)

12.1 (9.3-14.9)

11.7 (5.0-18.4)

21.7 (18.5-24.9)

10.6 (4.7-16.4)

34.8 (30.8-39.0)

24.4 (4.4-44.4)

17.9 (14.7-21.0)

17.8 (4.6-30.9)

37.5 (33.0-42.0)

55.6 (35.6-75.6)

p =

 

0.021

0.916

0.001

0.315

0.988

0.085

% Sedentary

DM,no

DM,yes

21.2 (20.4-21.9)

25.0 (18.6-31.4)

54.6 (50.1-59.1)

46.7 (35.4-57.9)

56.7 (52.7-60.7)

59.0 (47.8-70.3)

46.8 (42.3-51.3)

70.1 (46.9-93.3)

57.4 (53.1-61.7)

44.7 (26.9-62.6)

55.1 (50.1-60.2)

74.7 (55.2-94.1)

p =

 

0.238

0.200

0.704

0.053

0.178

0.056

  1. a Age- and gender- adjusted risk factors. Triglycerides were also adjusted for time since last meal before the blood sample was taken. The prevalence of smoking and sedentary behaviour were adjusted for age.
  2. b SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, S-Chol/HDL-chol ratio: S-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, TG: triglyceride, WHR: waist-to-hip ratio, BMI: body mass index, Sedentary: reading and watching TV as main leisure-time activities.
  3. The triglyceride variable was log-transformed before applying the multiple regression model for estimation due to highly skewed distribution of the data. The results (estimates and 95% confidence intervals) were transformed back to the original scale using anti-log.
  4. cCVD/DM: age- and gender-standardized prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
  5. p-values. Multiple regression models were applied to estimate marginal mean values and examine differences between those with and without diabetes in the particular ethnic group, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and diabetes status.