Table 2 Factors associated with atopy in 1,482 school children aged 6-15 years living in urban and rural areas in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

Sex

Female

1

1

1

1

1

1

Male

1.66 (1.29-2.13)

1.90 (1.30-2.79)

1.49 (1.06-2.08)

1.63 (1.26-2.11)

2.10 (1.41-3.13)

1.45 (1.03-2.04)

Age

6-8 years

1

1

1

1

1

1

9-11 years

1.13 (0.80-1.58)

1.12 (0.61-2.05)

1.15 (0.76-1.75)

1.14 (0.80-1.63)

1.19 (0.63-2.24)

1.18 (0.76-1.82)

12-15 years

1.35 (0.96-1.90)

1.76 (1.00-3.07)

1.32 (0.83-2.09)

1.36 (0.95-1.96)

1.89 (1.05-3.42)

1.28 (0.79-2.07)

Nutritional status indicators

Normal weight

1

1

1

1

1

1

Underweight

0.61 (0.36-1.04)

0.58 (0.30-1.12)

1.08 (0.42-2.78)

0.57 (0.33-0.99)

0.52 (0.26-1.02)

1.07 (0.40-2.83)

High BMI 47 (23.7)

1.12 (0.78-1.60)

1.00 (0.55-1.83)

1.13 (0.73-1.77)

1.17 (0.81-1.69)

1.23 (0.66-2.29)

1.17 (0.73-1.87)

Passive smoking

Non-exposed

1

1

1

Exposed

1.00 (0.71-1.42)

0.78 (0.50-1.23)

1.54 (0.89-2.66)

Family history of asthma

No 94 (17.9)

1

1

1

1

1

1

Yes

1.57 (1.10-2.23)

1.58 (1.01-2.47)

1.52 (0.86-2.67)

1.56 (1.09-2.24)

1.54 (0.97-2.46)

1.41 (0.79-2.53)

No idea

1.04 (0.61-1.78)

0.80 (0.39-1.65)

1.53 (0.67-3.46)

0.99 (0.58-1.72)

0.68 (0.32-1.43)

1.56 (0.68-3.60)

Occupational status of parent

Unemployed

1

1

1

1

1

1

Employed

0.59 (0.27-1.31)

0.33 (0.12-0.93)

1.13 (0.31-4.13)

0.65 (0.29-1.47)

0.33 (0.11-1.00)

1.26 (0.32-4.95)

Source of domestic fuel

LPG***

1

1

1

Charcoal

0.78 (0.53-1.16)

0.75 (0.47-1.19)

0.88 (0.09-8.29)

Firewood

1.19 (0.81-1.75)

0.52 (0.22-1.28)

1.45 (0.16-13.29)

Exclusive breast feeding

None

1

1

1

1-6 months

1.25 (0.76-2.06)

1.29 (0.62-2.70)

1.01 (0.51-2.03)

6-12 months

0.87 (0.43-1.74)

1.34 (0.50-3.57)

0.52 (0.19-1.41)

Educational level of parent

No formal education

1

1

1

1

1

1

7-9 years education

0.92 (0.62-1.36)

0.76 (0.43-1.37)

1.09 (0.64-1.87)

0.92 (0.61-1.39)

0.68 (0.37-1.26)

0.97 (0.56-1.70)

10-15 years education

0.94 (0.58-1.50)

0.43 (0.18-1.06)

1.32 (0.74-2.37)

0.98 (0.60-1.59)

0.44 (0.17-1.10)

1.24 (0.68-2.26)

Tertiary education

1.09 (0.67-1.76)

0.78 (0.38-1.59)

1.51 (0.79-2.90)

1.07 (0.65-1.75)

0.67 (0.32-1.41)

1.36 (0.70-2.65)

Intestinal parasite infection

Not infected

1

1

1

1

1

Hookworm

1.66 (1.02-2.68)

1.39 (0.38-5.13)

1.43 (0.84-2.45)

1.39 (0.84-2.83)

-

1.34 (0.77-2.33)

Trichuris sp

1.54 (0.54-4.28)

-

1.50 (0.51-4.41)

1.53 (0.53-4.39)

-

1.50 (0.50-4.50)

Ascaris sp

1.03 (0.61-1.74)

-

0.85 (0.49-1.47)

1.00 (0.57-1.74)

-

0.79 (0.45-1.38)

Co-infected

2.41 (1.04-5.58)

-

2.47 (1.01-6.04)

2.13 (0.90-5.04)

-

2.23 (0.90-5.58)

S. haematobium infection

No

1

1

1

Yes

1.04 (0.62-1.74)

0.81 (0.23-2.80)

0.93 (0.52-1.65)