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Table 2 Cardiovascular risk factors by socioeconomic factors - adjusted means and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals

From: Association of childhood and adult socioeconomic indicators with cardiovascular risk factors and its modification by age: the CARLA Study 2002-2006

 

Systolic blood pressure (mean, mmHg)

Abdominal obesity (OR)

Smoking (OR)

 

Age-adjusted

Fully adjusted1

Age-adjusted

Fully adjusted1

Age-adjusted

Fully adjusted1

MEN

      

Education

      

   Low

142.0 (135.5; 148.4)

142.9 (135.4; 150.5)

1.08 (0.54; 2.15)

1.05 (0.46; 2.39)

3.44 (1.58; 7.51)

2.41 (0.93; 6.25)

   Middle

146.1 (144.5; 147.7)

145.6 (142.5; 148.6)

1.52 (1.16; 1.99)

1.39 (0.97; 1.98)

1.79 (1.25; 2.55)

1.40 (0.88; 2.24)

   High

145.9 (143.8; 148.0)

146.1 (142.7; 149.5)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.470

0.746

0.008

0.160

0.001

0.158

p-value of interaction education with age

0.402

-

0.785

-

0.125

-

Occupational position

      

   Low

146.9 (144.4; 149.4)

146.8 (142.6; 150.9)

1.35 (0.97; 1.89)

0.96 (0.61; 1.50)

1.92 (1.26; 2.90)

1.11 (0.63; 1.97)

   Middle

145.7 (143.7; 147.7)

144.4 (140.5; 148.3)

1.49 (1.11; 2.00)

1.18 (0.82; 1.69)

1.49 (1.00; 2.20)

1.10 (0.68; 1.77)

   High

145.3 (143.2; 147.4)

143.4 (139.4; 147.4)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.625

0.281

0.028

0.417

0.009

0.917

Income

      

   Low

143.7 (139.6; 147.8)

142.8 (137.8; 147.7)

1.89 (1.04; 3.43)

1.63 (0.85; 3.14)

3.59 (1.83; 7.06)

2.29 (1.08; 4.86)

   Middle

146.0 (144.6; 147.4)

144.9 (141.7; 148.0)

1.81 (1.13; 2.90)

1.57 (0.95; 2.58)

1.41 (0.80; 2.49)

1.07 (0.58; 1.98)

   High

147.6 (143.4; 151.9)

146.9 (141.6; 152.3)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.409

0.436

0.040

0.202

<.001

0.011

Childhood SES

      

   Low

145.7 (144.0; 147.4)

145.1 (141.9; 148.2)

1.43 (0.80; 2.55)

1.12 (0.61; 2.06)

1.76 (0.83; 3.73)

1.16 (0.53; 2.56)

   Middle

146.6 (144.6; 148.6)

146.2 (142.8; 149.6)

1.25 (0.69; 2.24)

1.06 (0.58; 1.94)

1.60 (0.75; 3.42)

1.23 (0.56; 2.67)

   High

143.7 (138.4; 149.1)

143.3 (137.1; 149.5)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.580

0.527

0.351

0.897

0.319

0.860

p-value of full SES complex

-

0.736

-

0.041

-

0.003

WOMEN

      

Education

      

   Low

146.0 (142.0; 150.0)

143.2 (137.6; 148.8)

1.45 (0.81; 2.60)

0.89 (0.42; 1.86)

2.69 (1.30; 5.60)

1.41 (0.53; 3.74)

   Middle

141.3 (139.4; 143.1)

137.8 (133.7; 141.9)

1.43 (0.96; 2.12)

1.01 (0.62; 1.65)

1.38 (0.80; 2.36)

1.13 (0.58; 2.23)

   High

139.9 (136.3; 143.4)

137.6 (133.1; 142.1)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.064

0.103

0.192

0.901

0.027

0.775

p-value of interaction education with age

0.173

-

0.040

-

0.044

-

Occupational position

      

   Low

141.6 (138.1; 145.1)

138.2 (133.2; 143.1)

1.73 (1.01; 2.99)

1.42 (0.72; 2.81)

2.41 (1.22; 4.74)

1.72 (0.71; 4.10)

   Middle

142.3 (140.5; 144.2)

140.6 (136.8; 144.4)

1.51 (0.98; 2.33)

1.27 (0.76; 2.11)

1.08 (0.59; 2.00)

0.88 (0.43; 1.82)

   High

139.7 (135.7; 143.7)

139.9 (134.7; 145.1)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.496

0.550

0.099

0.576

0.003

0.066

Income

      

   Low

143.4 (139.4; 147.5)

140.4 (135.6; 145.1)

2.80 (1.25; 6.23)

2.12 (0.90; 4.97)

5.78 (1.86; 18.03)

5.41 (1.62; 18.08)

   Middle

141.6 (139.9; 143.4)

140.1 (137.2; 143.0)

1.58 (0.80; 3.14)

1.34 (0.65; 2.73)

2.30 (0.78; 6.82)

2.16 (0.70; 6.67)

   High

138.8 (131.7; 146.0)

138.2 (130.6; 145.7)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.507

0.870

0.025

0.149

<0.001

0.001

Childhood SES

      

   Low

143.1 (141.1; 145.1)

143.3 (140.0; 146.6)

2.27 (1.18; 4.38)

1.94 (0.95; 3.95)

0.79 (0.34; 1.84)

0.50 (0.20; 1.29)

   Middle

140.6 (138.1; 143.1)

140.7 (136.9; 144.4)

1.76 (0.90; 3.44)

1.58 (0.78; 3.22)

0.85 (0.36; 2.03)

0.67 (0.26; 1.72)

   High

134.2 (127.7; 140.8)

134.7 (127.5; 141.9)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   p-value/relevance2

0.020

0.042

0.031

0.148

0.841

0.248

p-value of full SES complex

-

0.077

-

0.094

-

< 0.001

  1. 1 adjusted for age and all other SES indicators
  2. 2 p-value: F-test (systolic blood pressure) or Chi2-test (abdominal obesity, smoking). Relevance: bold p-values in age-adjusted models indicate relevant differences of at least one category to the respective high SES category (>= 5 mmHg for systolic blood pressure, OR >= 1.5 or <= 0.67 for abdominal obesity and smoking).
  3. OR, Odds Ratio. SES, Socioeconomic status