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Table 4 Results of Logistic Regression Analyses: Walking to Work, Adults aged 20 to 64 and Currently Working, 2005 a

From: Walking to work in Canada: health benefits, socio-economic characteristics and urban-regional variations

 

Model 1 Walking/No Walking

(all walkers = 1 non-walkers = 0)

Model 2 Lower-Duration Walking/No Walking

(0 to 5 hrs/wk = 1 non-walkers= 0)

Model 3 High-Duration Walking/Lower-Duration Walking

(6 or more hrs/wk = 1 0 to 5 hrs/wk = 0)

Independent Variables

Odds ratios

95% CI

Odds ratios

95% CI

Odds ratios

95% CI

Has diabetes

      

   Yes

0.97

0.81, 1.15

0.95

0.79, 1.14

1.04

0.84, 1.29

   No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Has high blood pressure

      

   Yes

0.96

0.86, 1.06

0.95

0.84, 1.06

1.04

0.92, 1.17

   No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Self-perceived stress

      

   Not at all/not very

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   A bit

1.11**

1.03, 1.18

1.11**

1.03, 1.20

0.98

0.90, 1.06

   Quite a bit/extremely

0.97

0.89, 1.04

0.94

0.86, 1.02

1.08*

0.98, 1.18

Adult BMI

      

   Normal weight

1.01

0.94, 1.06

0.97

0.90, 1.03

1.11**

1.02, 1.19

   Overweight/obese

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Physical activity index

      

   Active/moderate

1.20***

1.13, 1.27

1.18***

1.10, 1.26

1.03

0.96, 1.10

   Inactive

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Sex

      

   Male

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   Female

1.33***

1.25, 1.41

1.42***

1.32, 1.52

0.85***

0.79, 0.91

Age

      

   20-34

1.18***

1.09, 1.28

1.17**

1.06, 1.27

1.07

0.97, 1.18

   35-49

1.02

0.94, 1.09

1.02

0.94, 1.11

1.01

0.92, 1.10

   50-64

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Household income

      

   Under $20,000

1.63***

1.38, 1.91

1.48***

1.25, 1.75

1.30***

1.13, 1.49

   $20,000 to $49,999

1.19***

1.10, 1.29

1.11**

1.01, 1.21

1.28***

1.16, 1.40

   $50,000 to $79,999

1.08*

0.99, 1.16

1.04

0.95, 1.12

1.12**

1.02, 1.21

   $80,000 and over

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Education

      

   Less than high school

0.71***

0.61, 0.83

0.61***

0.51, 0.72

1.52***

1.27, 1.81

   High School

0.90**

0.81, 0.99

0.77***

0.68, 0.85

1.55***

1.37, 1.75

   College or trades

0.89**

0.83, 0.96

0.81***

0.75, 0.86

1.35***

1.24, 1.45

   University

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Census Metropolitan Area

      

   No CMA assigned

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   St. John's

1.28

0.93, 1.74

1.29

0.91, 1.82

0.96

0.68, 1.35

   Halifax

1.37**

1.03, 1.80

1.24

0.93, 1.65

1.29*

0.97, 1.69

   Québec

0.59***

0.49, 0.71

0.74**

0.61, 0.89

0.46***

0.35, 0.60

   Montréal

1.03

0.91, 1.16

1.27***

1.12, 1.43

0.53***

0.46, 0.60

   Ottawa-Gatineau

0.97

0.82, 1.13

1.14

0.97, 1.33

0.59***

0.49, 0.72

   Kingston

1.79**

1.27, 2.53

1.76**

1.22, 2.56

1.00

0.73, 1.37

   Toronto

1.63***

1.45, 1.84

1.77***

1.56, 2.00

0.82**

0.72, 0.92

   Hamilton

1.97***

1.59, 2.42

1.98***

1.58, 2.48

0.97

0.78, 1.20

   London

1.32**

1.06, 1.63

1.28**

1.02, 1.61

1.08

0.83, 1.39

   Thunder Bay

0.53***

0.39, 0.70

0.56***

0.40, 0.78

0.87

0.53, 1.40

   Winnipeg

1.46***

1.18, 1.79

1.56***

1.24, 1.96

0.84

0.66, 1.06

   Regina

2.84***

1.70, 4.73

2.77***

1.63, 4.69

1.07

0.83, 1.38

   Saskatoon

1.53**

1.10, 2.13

1.36*

0.95, 1.93

1.32**

0.99, 1.76

   Calgary

1.35**

1.09, 1.66

1.34**

1.09, 1.66

1.02

0.80, 1.28

   Edmonton

1.06

0.86, 1.30

0.99

0.79, 1.22

1.16

0.91, 1.46

   Vancouver

1.29***

1.11, 1.49

1.46***

1.25, 1.69

0.71***

0.61, 0.83

   Victoria

5.69***

3.81, 8.51

5.10***

3.36, 7.73

1.33**

1.03, 1.72

Observations

50,082

 

36,903

 

34,865

 

Population size

11,404,185

 

8,597,009

 

8,001,087

 

Pseudo R2

0.0256

 

0.0279

 

0.0223

 

Wald chi2

693.62

(df = 42)

620.41

(df = 42)

452.89

(df = 40)

  1. a Notes: The dependent variable is walking to work, school or errands. The model used for estimation is logistic regression. Bootstrap confidence intervals are listed. (*) significant at 10%, (**) significant at 5%, (***) significant at 1%. Reference categories are included in the table.