Young and vulnerable: Spatial-temporal trends and risk factors for infant mortality in rural South Africa (Agincourt), 1992-2007

Sartorius, Benn KD; Kahn, Kathleen; Vounatsou, Penelope; Collinson, Mark A; Tollman, Stephen M

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-645

Table 1 All-cause univariate risk factor analysis for infant mortality in the Agincourt sub-district, 1992-2007

From: Young and vulnerable: Spatial-temporal trends and risk factors for infant mortality in rural South Africa (Agincourt), 1992-2007

Factor	n	IRR	p-value	signif
Temporal
1 year continuous	31,804	1.23	<0.001	*
5 year period	31,804
1992-1996	10,744	1.00
1997-2001	10,624	4.61	<0.001	*
2002-2006	10,436	10.76	<0.001	*
Demographic
Male gender	31,804	1.86	0.006	*
Mother refugee status	29,068
South African citizen	18,746	1.00
Mozambican origin	10,322	1.12	0.638
Breast feeding and birth weight
Breast fed	23,890/25,697	0.21	<0.001	*
Breast fed (diarrhoea & malnutrition)	23,890/25,697	0.38	0.001	*
Increasing birth weight (kilograms)	15,235^β	0.42	<0.001	*
Maternal
Mother Mozambican in-migrated post 1992 ^α	10,322	4.89	0.004	*
Mother status	31,041
Mother in same household	27,076	1.00
Mother not in household	2,488	0.01	<0.001	*
Mother death	1,477	5.79	<0.001	*
Mother residency status
Permanent (> = 6 months in site)	28,852	1.00
Migrant	25,200	0.45	0.059	#
Other	2,035	0.36	0.067	#
Increasing number of months resident during the previous 12 months	28,962	1.11	0.001	*
Mother died in child's first year	91/31,804	65.72	<0.001	*
Mother age at pregnancy	27,981	0.99	0.595
Mother education	16,971
None or primary	6511	1.00
Secondary	9561	0.90	0.677
Tertiary	899	0.13	<0.001	*
Paternal
Father died in child's first year	59/31,804	0.69	0.834
Father died before birth	57/31,804	0.98	0.993
Household head	26,034
Male gender	16,625	0.86	0.331
Mozambican origin	9,972	1.04	0.808
Age (years)	25,660
18-29	2,995	1.00
30-49	13,143	0.93	0.785
50-64	6,486	1.39	0.243
65+	3,036	1.43	0.272
Household morbidity and mortality
Cumulative number of household deaths in year of birth (continuous)	31,804	14.64	<0.001	*
None	26,444	1.00
1	4,048	35.51	<0.001	*
2-3	1,232	109.34	<0.001	*
4+	80	131.47	<0.001	*
Number of household admissions in year of birth (continuous)	2,895	1.55	0.093	#
None	2,392	1.00
1-2	402	1.51	0.464
3+	101	17.80	0.041	*
Fertility
Birth parity (continuous)	25,083	1.22	0.170
1	25,083	1.00
2-3	16,526	2.32	0.001	*
4+	7,663	0.55	0.313
Preceding birth interval	8,421	1.05	0.001	*
Post birth interval	7,199	0.51	<0.001	*
Previous birth stillborn	318/27,981	16.71	<0.001	*
Previous sibling died	945/27,981	7.48	0.001	*
Preceding interval sibling death	413	1.23	0.413
Mother attended antenatal clinic	24,928	0.06	<0.001	*
Number of antenatal clinic visits	17,305	0.84	<0.001	*
Socio-economic status of household
SES absolute score (quintiles)	9,397
Most poor	1,584	1.00
Very poor	1,801	0.81	0.540
Poor	1,971	0.91	0.780
Less poor	2,019	0.91	0.780
Least poor	2,022	0.98	0.940
Food security status of household
Predicted food shortage in coming year	3,481
Same amount of food	1,122	1.00
More food	377	0.31	0.091	#
Less food	1,982	1.24	0.597
Distance to nearest health facility
Minimum distance to health facility (straight-line) from household	25,749
< 5 km	24,023	1.00
> = 5 km	1,726	1.18	0.607
Minimum distance to health facility (network) from village centroid	31,804
< 5 km	1,220	1.00
> = 5 km	30,584	1.28	0.684
Climatic
Elevation (meters) - rainfall proxy	30,583
350-399	2,554	1.00
400-449	14,202	0.43	0.072	#
450-499	4,120	0.25	0.009	*
500-549	7,202	0.17	<0.001	*
550-599	2,505	0.46	0.226

Total sample size (n = 31,804)
α: infectious and parasitic deaths only
β: birth weight data only available for this number of infants
* significant at the 5% level; # significant at the 10% level

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