Table 2 Distribution of respondents by explanatory variables (n, %), and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of bivariate associations between explanatory variables and the outcome of poor self-rated health
Respondents (N = 2346) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | OR | (95% CI) | |||
Sex | Women (ref) | 1259 | 53.7 | |||
Men | 1087 | 46.3 | 1.1 | (0.8-1.5) | ||
Age | 18-34 (ref) | 498 | 21.2 | |||
35-49 | 558 | 23.8 | 2.0 * | (1.1-3.6) | ||
50-64 | 632 | 26.9 | 3.0 *** | (1.7-5.3) | ||
65-79 | 540 | 23.0 | 2.2 ** | (1.2-4.0) | ||
80-84 | 118 | 5.0 | 5.1 *** | (2.5-10.3) | ||
Education | High (ref) | 761 | 32.4 | |||
Medium | 971 | 41.4 | 2.1 ** | (1.3-3.3) | ||
1.i Individual factors - Socio-demographic factors | Low | 614 | 26.2 | 3.2 *** | (2.0-5.1) | |
Country of birth | Sweden (ref) | 2114 | 90.1 | |||
Other Nordic countries | 67 | 2.9 | 3.4 *** | (1.8-6.5) | ||
Outside the Nordic countries | 165 | 7.0 | 2.3 ** | (1.4-3.7) | ||
Family structure | Living with partner and children under 18 years (ref) | 530 | 22.6 | |||
Single, not living with children under 18 years | 518 | 22.1 | 2.9 *** | (1.8-4.9) | ||
Single, living with children under 18 years | 132 | 5.6 | 3.1 ** | (1.6-6.2) | ||
Living with partner and not with children under 18 years | 1053 | 44.9 | 1.6 | (1.0-2.7) | ||
Living with other adult | 113 | 4.8 | 0.4 | (0.1-1.9) | ||
Economic stress | No problem with current bills the last 12 months (ref) | 1952 | 83.2 | |||
Problems 1-12 months | 394 | 16.8 | 2.9 *** | (2.0-4.1) | ||
Employment status | Employee (ref) | 1093 | 46.6 | |||
Unemployed | 135 | 5.8 | 1.9 | (0.9-4.2) | ||
Disability pensioner (retired) | 121 | 5.2 | 20.6 *** | (12.5-33.8) | ||
Other | 997 | 42.5 | 2.2 *** | (1.5-3.4) | ||
Critical life events | No critical life event (ref) | 1025 | 43.7 | |||
1.ii Individual Factors - Percieved life events | Critical life event | 1321 | 56.3 | 1.6 ** | (1.2-2.1) | |
Accidents | No accident (ref) | 2157 | 91.9 | |||
Been involved in accident | 189 | 8.1 | 1.3 | (0.7-2.2) | ||
Violence (assaults) | Not been exposed to violence (ref) | 2304 | 98.2 | |||
Been exposed to violence | 42 | 1.8 | 1.9 | (0.7-4.8) | ||
Burdensome domestic work | Does not experience domestic work as burdensome (ref) | 1202 | 51.2 | |||
Experiences domestic work as burdensome | 1144 | 48.8 | 2.1 *** | (1.5-2.9) | ||
Alcohol habits (AUDIT) | No risky alcohol habits(ref) | 2202 | 93.9 | |||
Risky alcohol habits | 144 | 6.1 | 0.9 | (0.4-1.8) | ||
Smoking habits | Not daily smoker (ref) | 1997 | 85.1 | |||
Daily smoker | 349 | 14.9 | 1.9 ** | (1.3-2.7) | ||
2 Health behaviour | ||||||
Physical activity | Physically active (ref) | 1958 | 83.5 | |||
Physically inactive | 388 | 16.5 | 2.7 *** | (1.9-3.8) | ||
Body Mass Index | Normal weight (ref) | 1201 | 51.2 | |||
Underweight | 25 | 1.1 | 3.2 * | (1.1-9.5) | ||
Overweight | 831 | 35.4 | 1.3 | (0.9-1.9) | ||
Obesity | 289 | 12.3 | 1.8 * | (1.1-2.8) | ||
Housing area | City centre (ref) | 519 | 22.1 | |||
3.i Neighbour hood anteceden t factors - Structural factors | Residential | 532 | 22.7 | 1.0 | (0.6-1.9) | |
Flats | 779 | 33.2 | 2.8 *** | (1.7-4.5) | ||
Outlying | 516 | 22.0 | 1.8 ** | (1.1-3.2) | ||
Home ownership | Own the dwelling (ref) | 1046 | 44.6 | |||
Rent the dwelling | 1300 | 55.4 | 2.0 *** | (1.4-2.9) | ||
Residential stability | 6 years or longer (ref) | 1377 | 58.7 | |||
1-5 years | 725 | 30.9 | 1.3 | (0.9-1.8) | ||
Shorter than 1 year | 244 | 10.4 | 0.8 | (0.4-1.5) | ||
Dwelling satisfaction | Enjoy present dwelling (ref) | 2134 | 91.0 | |||
3.ii Neighbour hood anteceden t factors - Percieved features | Do not enjoy present dwelling | 212 | 9.0 | 1.9 ** | (1.2-2.9) | |
Satisfaction with dwelling surroundings | Enjoy present dwelling surroundings (ref) | 2092 | 89.2 | |||
Do not enjoy present dwelling surroundings | 254 | 10.8 | 2.4 *** | (1.6-3.6) | ||
Environmental problems in dwellings | No problems (ref) | 2029 | 86.5 | |||
1-3 problems | 317 | 13.5 | 1.9 ** | (1.3-2.8) | ||
Environmental problems in dwelling surroundings | No problems (ref) | 1187 | 50.6 | |||
1-3 problems | 1159 | 49.4 | 1.5 * | (1.1-2.1) | ||
Environmental problems in housing area | No problems (ref) | 1621 | 69.1 | |||
1-3 problems | 725 | 30.9 | 2.1 *** | (1.5-2.9) | ||
Trust | Good trust (ref) | 1949 | 83.1 | |||
Not good trust | 397 | 16.9 | 2.0 *** | (1.4-2.8) | ||
4 Social coheision | ||||||
Conectedness | Good conectedness (ref) | 1231 | 52.5 | |||
Not good conectedness | 1115 | 47.5 | 1.2 | (0.9-1.6) | ||
Unafraid | Unafraid of going out (ref) | 1824 | 77.7 | |||
Afraid | 522 | 22.3 | 1.6 * | (1.1-2.2) | ||
5 Social capital | Personal support | Has personal support (ref) | 2222 | 93.2 | ||
Does not have personal support | 161 | 6.8 | 4.6 *** | (2.9-7.2) | ||
Pride | Has been made proud (ref) | 1882 | 80.2 | |||
Has not been made proud | 464 | 19.8 | 2.7 *** | (1.9-3.8) | ||
Participation | Participates in associations (ref) | 980 | 41.8 | |||
Does not participate | 1366 | 58.2 | 1.9 ** | (1.3-2.7) | ||