Table 1 Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome stratified by gender, age, BMI, laboratory tests, socio-demographic and the life-style characteristics
Socio-demographic and the life-style characteristics | Men | Women | P-value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | N (%) | MetS, % with (95% CI)1 | N (%) | MetS, % with (95% CI)1 | Â |
Age, years | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
   18-29 | 515 (26.9) | 1.75 (0.9-3.4) | 347 (21.2) | 3.8 (2.1-6.5) |  |
   30-39 | 352 (18.4) | 6.25 (4.1-9.5) | 303 (18.5) | 8.6 (5.8-12.5) |  |
   40-49 | 441 (23.0) | 11.3 (8.6-14.8) | 400 (24.4) | 22.8 (18.8-27.2) |  |
   50-59 | 298 (15.5) | 14.8 (11.0-19.4) | 290 (17.7) | 41.4 (35.7-47.3) |  |
   60+ | 312 (16.3) | 18.3 (14.2-23.1) | 297 (18.1) | 45.5 (39.7-51.3) |  |
BMI, kg/m2 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   < 25.0 | 989 (51.5) | 0.3 (0.1-1.0) | 781 (47.7) | 4.0 (2.8-5.7) |  |
   25.0-29.9 | 707 (36.9) | 9.3 (7.4-11.8) | 515 (31.5) | 28.9 (25.1-33.1) |  |
   ≥30.0 | 222 (11.6) | 50.9 (44.1-57.6) | 341 (20.8) | 60.1 (54.7-65.3) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Secondary school | 435 (22.7) | 10.3 (7.7-13.7) | 426 (26.0) | 31.9 (27.6-36.6) |  |
   College | 1170(61.0) | 7.9 (6.4-9.6) | 774 (47.3) | 21.3 (18.5-24.4) |  |
   University | 313 (16.3) | 14.4 (10.8-18.9) | 437 (26.7) | 19.2 (15.7-23.3) |  |
Income | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Very low | 283 (14.8) | 17.0 (12.9-22.0) | 379 (23.2) | 43.8 (38.8-49.0) |  |
   Low | 136 (7.1) | 14.7 (9.4-22.0) | 740 (45.2) | 20 (17.2-23.1) |  |
   Medium | 144 (7.5) | 6.9 (3.6-12.7) | 189 (11.5) | 23.8 (18.1-30.7) |  |
   High | 1058(55.2) | 9.3 (7.6-11.2) | 34 (2.1) | 17.7 (7.4-35.2) |  |
   Unknown | 297 (15.5) | 2.0 (0.8-4.6) | 295 (18.0) | 6.8 (4.3-10.4) |  |
Sedentary lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Yes | 437 (22.8) | 14.0 (10.9-17.7) | 656 (40.1) | 32.2 (28.6-35.9) |  |
   No | 1481(77.2) | 8.2 (6.9-9.7) | 981 (59.9) | 17.7 (15.4-20.3) |  |
Current smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Yes | 1085(56.6) | 7.5 (6.0-9.2) | 348 (21.3) | 13.2 (9.9-17.3) |  |
   No | 833 (43.4) | 12.1 (10.0-14.6) | 1289(78.7) | 26.3 (23.9.28.8) |  |
Low fresh fruits/vegetables intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
   Yes | 779 (40.6) | 8.2 (6.4-10.4) | 599(36.6) | 25.5 (22.1-29.3) |  |
   No | 1139(59.4) | 10.4 (8.7-12.3) | 1038(63.4) | 22.4 (19.9-25.0) |  |
Frequency of alcohol intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Abstainers | 230 (12.0) | 15.2 (11.0-20.7) | 445 (27.2) | 34.2 (29.8-38.8) |  |
   ≤ 1 times a month | 434 (22.6) | 12.4 (9.6-16.0) | 542 (33.1) | 25.3 (21.7-29.2) |  |
   2-4 times a month | 979 (51.0) | 7.2 (5.7-9.0) | 571 (34.9) | 15.9 (13.1-19.3) |  |
   ≥5 times a month | 275 (14.3) | 8.4 (5.5-12.4) | 79 (4.8) | 6.3 (2.4-14.8) |  |
Number of AU on occasion | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Abstainers | 230 (12.0) | 15.2 (11.0-20.7) | 445 (27.2) | 34.2 (29.8-38.8) |  |
   1-4 AU | 780 (40.5) | 9.5 (7.6-11.8) | 946 (57.7) | 20.0 (17.5-22.7) |  |
   ≥ 5 AU | 912 (47.5) | 8.0 (6.4-10.0) | 248 (15.1) | 17.7 (13.3-23.2) |  |
Self-reported MI or stroke | 56 (2.9) | Â | 51 (3.1) | Â | 0.768 |
GGT, U/l, mean (SD) | 43.7 (60.8) | Â | 28.4 (39.8) | Â | < 0.001 |
AST, U/l, mean (SD) | 29.5 (22.7) | Â | 23.6 (13.7) | Â | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/l, mean (SD) | 20.7 (20.8) | Â | 12.9 (12.8) | Â | < 0.001 |
AST/ALT, mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.9) | Â | 2.1 (0.8) | Â | < 0.001 |
CRP, mg/l, mean (SD) | 3.2 (9.1) | Â | 2.6 (5.6) | Â | 0.02 |
Metabolic syndrome3 | 182/1918 | 9.5 (8.2-10.9) | 385/1637 | 23.5 (21.5-25.7) | < 0.001 |