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Table 1 Inequality in mortality in Switzerland by language region and cause of death in men

From: Educational inequalities in mortality and associated risk factors: German- versus French-speaking Switzerland

 

German Switzerland (GS)

French Switzerland (FS)

  
  

Rate overall and by educational level

Rate decrease per additional year of education

 

Rate overall and by educational level

Rate decrease per additional year of education

GS vs. FS*

Significance of region*

 

deaths

all

low

middle

high

%

95% CI

deaths

all

low

middle

high

%

95% CI

p-value

z-value

All causes

122182

1186

1515

1156

854

7.74

(7.49;7.99)

38721

1220

1478

1176

882

6.45

(6.07;6.84)

< 0.001

5.5

Circulatory system

44555

426

529

418

310

7.29

(6.88;7.70)

12141

376

451

363

272

6.33

(5.64;7.02)

0.019

2.36

   Coronary heart disease

24732

238

283

239

177

6.38

(5.84;6.92)

5597

175

203

174

129

5.31

(4.33;6.30)

0.062

1.86

   Other heart diseases

8297

80

108

76

52

10.14

(9.14;11.15)

1291

106

135

96

75

7.97

(6.63;9.33)

0.012

2.53

   Stroke

6313

59

77

55

44

7.93

(6.83;9.03)

1735

53

62

52

37

6.44

(4.62;8.29)

0.175

1.36

Cancer

42872

420

513

419

315

6.39

(5.98;6.80)

14695

467

556

456

347

5.96

(5.34;6.58)

0.250

1.15

   UADT cancer

3272

33

51

32

18

15.20

(13.46;16.97)

1604

53

70

53

28

12.50

(10.34;14.69)

0.057

1.9

   Stomach cancer

2052

20

29

19

12

12.84

(10.73;14.99)

544

17

23

15

12

9.18

(5.75;12.72)

0.081

1.75

   Intestinal cancer

4468

44

45

44

39

1.89

(0.75;3.04)

1467

46

50

48

39

2.39

(0.63;4.19)

0.638

-0.47

   Liver cancer

1494

15

17

15

11

6.18

(4.02;8.38)

790

25

28

26

20

4.27

(1.75;6.85)

0.265

1.12

   Lung cancer

11841

118

165

116

65

12.97

(12.09;13.87)

4163

134

179

123

82

11.07

(9.76;12.40)

0.019

2.34

   Breast cancer

4852

45

47

45

43

1.22

(0.14;2.30)

1445

43

45

43

39

1.66

(-0.09;3.45)

0.672

-0.42

Other diseases

15497

149

212

139

97

11.34

(10.76;11.92)

4947

153

193

143

105

7.63

(6.81;8.45)

< 0.001

7.23

   COPD

5418

51

80

45

24

18.18

(16.73;19.64)

1177

36

51

30

21

13.89

(11.23;16.62)

0.007

2.72

   Liver cirrhosis

2490

25

37

25

15

12.99

(11.08;14.94)

1128

37

50

38

19

12.20

(9.67;14.80)

0.630

0.48

   Ill-defined

2670

27

32

26

25

1.72

(0.26;3.21)

1832

58

64

59

50

2.86

(1.26;4.48)

0.305

-1.03

Injuries

8680

87

112

85

67

6.44

(5.55;7.35)

2801

91

113

87

68

6.43

(5.03;7.85)

0.986

0.02

   Suicide

4121

42

46

42

36

2.57

(1.37;3.78)

1280

42

50

42

34

4.42

(2.45;6.42)

0.116

-1.57

   Transport accident

1452

15

21

13

11

11.46

(9.05;13.93)

488

16

19

16

12

4.94

(1.73;8.24)

0.002

3.12

Smoking-related

20595

202

296

194

108

14.72

(14.02;15.42)

6969

223

301

206

131

11.55

(10.52;12.58)

< 0.001

4.98

Alcohol-related

8378

85

123

83

48

12.96

(11.91;14.02)

3867

127

163

128

73

10.44

(9.11;11.78)

0.004

2.91

  1. *Statistical significance of the difference between Swiss regions in decrease of mortality per additional year of education
  2. 1990-2000, 40-79 years
  3. UADT: Upper aerodigestive tract; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  4. ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education
  5. Educational level: low = no secondary or tertiary education (ISCED 1-2), middle = secondary education (ISCED 3-4); high = tertiary education (ISCED 5-6)
  6. Rates were standardized to the WHO standard population "Europe" [13]
  7. Data source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office/Swiss National Cohort
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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