Table 2 Univariable level predictors of poor treatment outcomes (viral load >400 copies/ml and complete discontinuation of follow-up and treatment six months post treatment initiation) on antiretroviral therapy in community and workplace programmes

Distal level

Sex

   Female

29/152(19.1%)

1

-

0.10

0/6 (0%)

1

-

.

   Male

9/75 (12.0%)

0.58

0.26-1.29

47/111(42.3%)

.

.

Age (years)

   <35

18/96(18.8%)

1

-

0.63*

10/23(43.5%)

1

-

0.28*

   34-45

11/81(13.6%)

0.68

0.30-1.54

7/26(26.9%)

0.48

0.15-1.58

   >45

9/50(18.0%)

0.95

0.39-2.30

30/68(44.1%)

1.02

0.40-2.66

Education (years)

   0-6

6/36(16.7%)

1

-

0.85*

31/55(56.4%)

1

-

<0.001*

   7-10

14/75(16.7%)

1.15

0.40-3.28

11/45(24.4%)

0.25

0.11-0.59

   >10

18/116(15.5%)

0.92

0.33-2.52

5/17(29.4%)

0.32

0.10-1.04

Alcohol consumption/week (units)

   No alcohol

27/183(14.8%)

1

-

0.02^†

29/69(42.0%)

1

-

0.87

   1-20 units

6/32(18.8%)

1.33

0.50-3.54

8/22(36.4%)

0.79

0.29-2.12

   >21 units

5/11(45.5%)

4.81

1.37-16.89

10/26(38.5%)

0.86

0.34-2.17

Time since first HIV test in community programme (months)^a

   <6

10/74(13.4%)

1

-

0.27*

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

   6-24

10/72(13.9%)

1.03

0.40-2.65

   >24

18/81(22.2%)

1.82

0.78-4.27

Time since first HIV test in workplace programme (months)^a

   <0.5

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

10/19(52.6%)

1

-

0.02

   0.5-3

13/47(27.7%)

0.34

0.11-1.04

   >3

22/46(47.8%)

0.83

0.28-2.41

Know anyone who died of HIV

   Yes

28/168(16.7%)

1

-

0.79

25/80(31.3%)

1

-

<0.001

   No/not sure

8/53(15.1%)

0.89

0.38-2.09

22/36(61.1%)

3.46

1.52-7.85

Know someone on ART

   No

26/144(19.6%)

1

-

0.18

25/57(43.9%)

1

-

0.33

   Yes

12/94(12.8%)

0.60

0.29-1.26

7/22(31.8%)

0.60

0.21-1.69

Informed that being tested for HIV

   Yes

31/201(15.4%)

1

-

0.17

44/114(38.6%)

1

-

.

   No/not sure

7/26(26.9%)

2.02

0.78-5.21

1/1(100.0%)

.

.

Satisfied with programme services

   Agree or strongly agree

34/173(19.7%)

1

-

0.06^‡

16/57(28.1%)

1

-

0.01^‡

   Disagree or strongly disagree

0/16(0%)

.

.

6/8(75.0%)

7.78

1.40-42.14

   Don't know

4/38(10.5%)

0.48

0.16-1.45

25/52(48.1%)

2.37

1.10-5.25

Intermediate level

A healthy looking person can have HIV

   Yes

32/206(15.5%)

1

-

0.15

22/80(27.5%)

1

-

0.001

   Not/not sure

6/21(28.6%)

2.18

0.79-6.03

22/34(64.7%)

4.83

2.05-11.49

Belief in HIV existence

   Yes

36/224(16.1%)

1

-

0.07^‡

36/102(35.3%)

1

-

0.02

   No/not sure

2/3(66.8%)

10.44

0.92-118.25

11/14(78.6%)

6.72

1.76-25.66

Belief in own HIV status

   Yes

35/221(15.7%)

1

-

0.06^‡

37/102(36.3%)

1

-

0.03

   No/not sure

3/6(50.0%)

5.31

1.03-27.41

10/15(66.7%)

3.51

1.12-11.06

A traditional healer can treat HIV

   Disagree/strongly disagree

24/149(16.1%)

1

-

0.76^‡

17/63(27.0%)

1

-

0.01*

   Agree/strongly agree

2/9(22.2%)

1.49

0.29-7.60

10/18(55.6%)

3.38

1.14-10.00

   Not sure/don't know

Consulted traditional healer in past year

   No

25/170(14.7%)

1

-

0.15

22/60(36.7%)

1

-

0.43

   Yes

13/56(23.2%)

1.75

0.83-3.72

25/57(43.9%)

1.35

0.64-2.83

Proximate level

Effect of ART on health

   Feel better

22/134(16.4%)

1

-

0.85

26/87(29.9%)

1

-

<0.001

   Not sure/don't know

16/92(17.4%)

1.07

0.53-2.17

21/30(70.0%)

5.47

2.21-13.54

ART can cure HIV

   No

23/153(15.0%)

1

-

0.33

21/65(32.3%)

1

-

0.06

   Yes/not sure

15/74(20.3%)

1.44

0.70-2.95

25/50(50.0%)

2.10

0.98-4.48

How difficult or easy will it be to adhere?

   Easy/very easy

36/197(18.3%)

1

-

0.08^‡

24/76(31.6%)

1

-

0.01

   Difficult/very difficult/not sure

2/30(6.7%)

0.32

0.07-1.40

23/41(56.1%)

2.80

1.30-6.10

Disclosed HIV status

   Yes

36/222(16.2%)

1

-

0.20^‡

18/56(32.1%)

1

-

0.08

   No

2/5(40.0%)

3.44

0.56-21.35

29/60(49.3%)

1.97

0.93-4.20

Disclosed the initiation of ART

   Yes

29/196(14.8%)

1

-

0.09

9/37(24.3%)

1

-

0.02

   No

8/29(27.5%)

2.19

0.89-5.42

38/80(47.5%)

2.81

1.17-6.71

Social support for taking ART

   Yes

37/222(16.7%)

1

-

1.00^‡

13/39(33.3%)

1

-

0.16

   No/not sure

1/5(20.0%)

1.25

0.14-11.50

20/41(48.8%)

1.90

0.77-4.71

Prior TB treatment

   No

25/117(21.4%)

1

-

0.06

24/59(40.7%)

1

-

0.91

   Yes

13/109(11.9%)

0.50

0.24-1.03

8/19(42.1%)

1.06

0.37-3.03

Adherence to prior chronic treatment

   Yes

16/135(11.9%)

1

-

0.06*

21/51(41.2%)

1

-

0.85^‡

   No

7/29(24.1%)

2.40

0.87-6.41

26/66(39.4%)

0.93

0.44-1.96

.

   Not prescribed prior treatment

15/63(23.8%)

2.30

1.07-5.07

0

.

.

Sharing medicines with family and friends

   Never/rarely

37/212(17.5%)

1

-

0.4^‡

18/62(29.0%)

1

-

0.01

   Sometimes/often/always

1/14(7.1%)

0.36

0.04-2.87

25/47(53.2%)

2.78

1.26-6.14

Biological variables

CD4 count at baseline (cells/mm3)

<100

18/111(16.2%)

1

-

0.78*

8/24(33.3%)

1

-

0.10*

100-200

18/99(18.2%)

1.15

0.56-2.35

24/46(52.2%)

2.18

0.78-6.09

>200

2/17(11.8%)

0.69

0.14-3.28

15/47(31.9%)

0.94

0.33-2.67

Viral load at baseline (copies/ml)

<100,000

21/105(20.0%)

1

-

0.22

33/79(41.8%)

1

-

0.61

≥ 100,000

17/122(13.9%)

0.65

0.32-1.31

14/38(36.8%)

0.81

0.37-1.80