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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes

From: Maternal and neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study

Neonatal factor

T1D Cases

Controls

Unadjusted

Adjusted*

 

n = 361

n = 1083

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

 

n (%)

n (%)

      

Sex of baby

    

1.00

   

Male (reference category)

188 (52.1)

564 (52.1)

1.00

     

Female

173 (47.9)

519 (47.9)

1.00

0.79, 1.27

    

Gestational age (weeks)

    

0.41

   

< 37

24 (6.6)

59 (5.4)

1.23

0.75, 2.02

    

≥ 37 (reference category)

336 (93.1)

1023 (94.5)

1.00

     

Unknown

1 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

      

Birth Order

    

0.84

   

1 (reference category)

181 (50.1)

525 (48.5)

1.00

     

2

117 (32.4)

357 (33.0)

0.95

0.74, 1.24

    

≥ 3

63 (17.5)

201 (18.6)

0.91

0.65, 1.27

    

Birth weight (kg)

    

0.50

  

0.22

<2.5

17 (4.7)

61 (5.6)

0.82

0.47, 1.44

 

0.66

0.34, 1.28

 

≥ 2.5 (reference category)

344 (95.3)

1021 (94.3)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Unknown

0 (0.0)

1 (0.1)

      

Jaundice

    

0.75

   

No (reference category)

338 (93.6)

1018 (94.0)

1.00

     

Yes

23 (6.4)

65 (6.0)

1.10

0.60, 2.04

    

Phototherapy†

    

0.42

   

No (reference category)

41 (11.4)

101 (9.3)

1.00

     

Yes

9 (2.5)

30 (2.8)

0.72

0.31, 1.68

    

Unknown

311 (86.1)

952 (87.9)

0.74

0.46, 1.18

    

Breast feeding

    

0.66

  

0.26

No (reference category)

23 (6.4)

80 (7.4)

1.00

     

Yes

32 (8.9)

90 (8.3)

1.27

0.67, 2.42

 

1.62

0.77, 3.44

 

Unknown or mixed feeding‡

306 (84.8)

913 (84.3)

1.49

0.56, 3.92

 

2.24

0.78, 6.43

 

Admitted to neonatal unit†

    

0.27

   

No (reference category)

90 (24.9)

276 (25.5)

1.00

     

Yes

12 (3.3)

38 (3.5)

0.98

0.48, 2.00

    

Unknown

259 (71.7)

769 (71.0)

3.47

0.76, 15.91

    

Apgar score at 1 min

    

0.39

   

1 to 7

89 (24.7)

245 (22.6)

1.13

0.85, 1.49

    

8 to 10 (reference category)

271 (75.1)

836 (77.2)

1.00

     

Unknown

1 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

      

Apgar score at 5 min

    

0.45

   

1 to 7

14 (3.9)

33 (3.0)

1.28

0.68, 2.40

    

8 to 10 (reference category)

346 (95.8)

1049 (96.9)

1.00

     

Unknown

1 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

      
  1. T1D, type 1 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; kg, kilograms. *Birth weight adjusted for gestation; breast feeding adjusted for deprivation. †Data on phototherapy and admission to neonatal unit recorded from 1992 by AMND. ‡This category includes one case and 3 controls who were breast and formula fed.
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BMC Public Health

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