Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Frequency, age-adjusted risk, and risk ratio of the occurrence of lung cancer, identified by hospital discharge records, between baseline and 31 December 2005 by number of categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and smoking status among 15,365 adults

			Relative risk of lung cancer*
	N	Hospitalized with lung cancer \| Risk**	Model A RR (95% CI)	Model B RR (95% CI)
Categories of ACEs, No.
0	5595	20 \| 152.1	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
1	4030	10 \| 103.8	0.73 (0.34, 1.58)	0.67 (0.31-1.45)
2	2447	11 \| 195.6	1.48 (0.70, 3.10)	1.29 (0.61-2.74)
3	1428	12 \| 574.4	3.10 (1.49, 6.46)	2.46 (1.17-5.19)
4 or 5	1469	9 \| 433.7	2.55 (1.13, 5.74)	2.06 (0.90-4.72)
6, 7, or 8	396	2 \| 347.8	3.18 (0.71, 14.15)	2.14 (0.46-9.89)
			P for trend <0.001	P for trend = 0.007
Smoking status
Never	7808	7 \| 58.8		1.00 (referent)
Former	6281	37 \| 225.4		4.44 (1.95-10.12)
Current, <20 cig/d	772	6 \| 591.4		10.27 (3.39-31.13)
Current, ≥ 20 cig/d	504	14 \| 1662.8		26.97 (10.39-69.98)
Total	15,365	64 \| 201.3

ACEs, adverse childhood experiences RR, risk ratio CI, confidence interval
* Hospital discharge diagnosis of lung cancer defined by ICD-9 code 162
** Risk (per 100,000 population) age-standardized to the 2000 Census population for California
Model A adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, financial problems
Model B adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, financial problems, smoking status, parental smoking history. In addition to the RR estimates for ACE score, we show the RR estimates for smoking status from the regression model.

ISSN: 1471-2458