Table 2 Study Results for Eight Youth HIV Prevention Interventions included in Systematic Review¹

HAPS [32]

[HIV/AIDS Prevention Study] KwaZulu/Natal

NB: Study results presented as scores from scaled measures; analyzed using ANOVA for each group, and showing net intervention effect for difference between intervention (I) and comparison (C) groups

Positive attitudes to condom use

0.17I vs 0.08C, interv effect: 0.09

Positive attitudes toward alcohol

-0.01I vs 0.16C, interv effect: -0.17

Negative attitudes toward alcohol

-0.15I vs -0.08C, interv effect: -0.07

Self efficacy for sex refusal

0.08I vs- 0.16C, intervention effect: 0.24

Self efficacy for condom use

-0.08I vs -0.06C, intervention effect: -0.02

Self-efficacy for alcohol refusal

0.17I vs 0.44C, intervention effect: -0.27

Condom use intentions:

0.18I vs -0.01C, intervention effect: 0.19

Intentions to have sex - next 3 months: 0.00I vs 0.06C, intervention effect: -0.06

Alcohol Behaviors:

Frequency of alcohol use: last 14 days

0.23I vs 0.28C, intervention effect: -0.05

Number of drinks last time drinking

0.36I vs -0.08C, intervention effect: 0.44

Self or partner drinking at last sex

-0.9I vs 4.5C, intervention effect: -4.4

HIV-related behavior:

Condom use at last sex

4.2I vs 2.2C, intervention effect: 2.0

Not measured

HealthWise [34]

CapeTown

NB: Assessment of intervention conducted in 5 waves of data collection; unless otherwise specified, results are presented as comparison between intervention (I) and comparison (C) groups at last followup (wave 5)

Non-users of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana at wave 1*

Lifetime Use

Alcohol: 62%I vs 60%C, OR = 0.9 [0.7-1.2]

Cigarettes: 39%I vs 45%C, OR = 1.2 [0.9-1.6]³

Marijuana: 45%I vs 45%C, OR = 1.0 [0.8-1.2]**

Use in past month:

Alcohol: 22%I vs 29%C, OR = 1.4 [0.99-2.0]³

Cigarettes: 28%I vs 35%C, OR = 1.4 [1.04-1.8]³

Marijuana: 18%I vs 15%C, OR = 0.8 [0.6-1.1]**

Heavy use:

Alcohol: 8%I vs 12%C, OR = 1.7 [1.04-2.6]³

Cigarettes: 13%I vs 17%C, OR = 1.4 [0.9-1.9]³

Sexual risk:

Perception of condom availability (condom access: can get condoms):

95%I vs 92%C, OR = 1.6 [1.03-2.4]

Alcohol, Smoking and Marijuana*

Alcohol use in:

Past month: 32%I vs 39%C, OR = 1.4

[1.1-1.8]³

Heavy use: 13%I vs19%C, OR = 1.6

[1.2-2.2]³

Cigarette use in:

Past month: 41% vs 48%, OR = 1.4

[1.1-1.7]³

Heavy use: 22%I vs 28%, OR = 1.4

[1.1-1.8]^2.3

Marijuana use in past month:

22%I vs 18%C, OR = 0.8 [0.6-1.1]**

**in males, significantly higher reported use in intervention group

Sexual Behavior

Sexually active (lifetime) among those not sexually experience at baseline:

22%I vs 21%C, OR = 1.0 [0.8-1.3]

Frequency of:

Sexual activity (past month)***:

-6 I [-19 -+6] vs -2C [-12 - +8]

Condom use (always)**:

0 I [-12 -+12] vs +2C [-9 -+12]

*Since knowledge and attitudes of alcohol and other substances were not reported, these columns report data on use behaviors in those experienced (column 2) and not experienced (column 1) at baseline.

***reported as 'change in prevalence' between waves 4 and 5 of assessment

Not measured

Mpondombili Project [33] KwaZulu/Natal

NB: *denotes significance at p < 0.05 level, based on analysis of data using regression methods for comparison of I and C groups at follow up.

General HIV Knowledge³: 67.3%I vs 54.7C, beta coefficient: .26

[-4.30 - +4.35]*

Know where to access HIV test²: 76.6%I vs 62.6%C, beta: 0.57 [0.08-1.05]

Peer norms for abstinence (mean score): 3.38I vs 3.67C, beta: 0.28 [-0.04-0.59]*

Peer norms for girls' condom use (mean): 2.42I vs 2.24C, beta: -0.07 [-0.27-0.12]

Egalitarian beliefs about sex refusal: 6.27I vs 6.07C, beta: 0.38 [-0.20-0.97]

Self-efficacy for sex refusal³: 84.8%I vs 77.8%C, beta: 0.49 [0.25-1.24]*

Self-efficacy for condom use³:

93.8%I vs 87.0%C, beta: 0.61 [0.06-1.16]*

Communication with partner about condoms³: 74.7%I vs 57.5%C, beta: 2.18 [1.21-3.91]*

Perceived risk for HIV: 90.8%I vs 86.5%C, beta: 0.09 [-0.40-0.58]

Perceived risk for pregnancy: 57.8%I vs 49.2%C, beta: 0.19 [-0.16-0.54]

Ever condom use³: 67.3% I vs 41.9%C, OR = 2.85 [1.62-5.04]*

Condom use at last sexual intercourse^2,3:

54.3%I vs 27.9%C, OR = 3.21

[1.76-5.85]*

Ever had sex²: 28.5%I vs 22.2%C, OR = 1.39 [1.02-1.91]*

Not measured

Adolescent Livelihoods [35]

KwaZulu/Natal

NB: Preliminary findings. No measures of significance provided.

Indicators of financial well-being

Has savings:

M: 34%I vs 34%C; F:27%I vs 8%C

Used financial services from a bank:

M: 49%I vs 32%C; F:17%I vs 3%C

Discussed financial decisionmaking

M: 56%I vs 23%C; F: 75% I vs 21%C

Partner communication in last year

Self-esteem:

M: 51%I vs 23%C; F: 70%I vs 26%C

Delay/avoid sex in last 12 months

F: 76%I vs 66%C

Sexuality

M: 49%I vs 19%C; F: 67%I vs 26%C

Contraception

M: 49%I vs 19%C; F: 60%I vs 29%C

Violence/Sexual Abuse

M: 51%I vs 21%C; F: 62%I vs 24%C

Condom use

M: 56%I vs21%C; F: 75%I vs 29%C

Among women:

Reported HIV testing:

34% baseline vs 57% post-I

Discussed avoiding STDs with partner:

91%I vs 89%C

Discussed avoiding HIV with partner:

87%I vs 77%C

Not measured

SATZ [31, 37]

CapeTown and Northern Province

NB: With regard to outcomes, preliminary findings only are available. Process evaluations have been published[51, 52].

Knowledge, Attitudes, Social Norms, Self-efficacy were measured.

Knowledge increased in intervention schools

No intervention effects observed.

No effects on sub-groups or for secondary outcomes.

Sexual Risk Behavior

Ever had sex: 25.6%I vs 24.6%C, OR = 1.0 [0.85-1.18]

Transition to sexual activity: 19.0%I vs 16.7%C, OR = 1.05 [0.85-1.29]

Condon use at last sex: 50.2%I vs 44.9%C, OR = 1.13 [0.79-1.62]

Not measured

Stepping Stones [11, 38]

Eastern Cape

NB: As knowledge, attitudes and related measures were not reported in main outcome paper, these categories are not included here.

Results are from 24 month follow-up.

Correct condom use at last sex

M: 73.2%I vs 75.1%C, OR = 0.88 [0.64-1.21], p = 0.43

F: 57.5%I vs 59.6%C, OR = 0.90 [0.70-1.17], p = 0.45

Problem drinking:

M: 26.6%I vs 25.7%C, OR = 1.1 [0.81-1.49], p = 0.56

F: 3.4%I vs 2.2%C, OR = 1.4 [0.61-3.17], p = 0.43

Ever misused drugs

M: 6.5%I vs 12.0%C, OR = 0.50 [0.23-1.11], p = 0.88

F: 2.3%I vs 1.9%C, OR = 1.2 [0.51-2.83], p = 0.68

Depression

M: 2.8%I vs 5.0%C, OR = 0.52 [0.24-1.13], p = 0.56

F: 12.8%I vs 16.1%C, OR = 0.76 [0.51-1.15], p = 0.20

Number of partners (past year):

M (mean): 2.15I vs 2.39 C, effect: -0.0045 [-0.023-0.0003], p = 0.12

F: (mean): 1.19I vs 1.19 C, effect: 0.0001 [-0.0012-0.0025], p = 0.73

Transactional sex w/casual partner

M: 1.8%I vs 1.9%C, OR = 1.02 [0.39-2.65], p = 0.031

F: 2.0%I vs 2.2%C, OR = 0.94 [0.41-2.18], p = 0.89

>1 incident intimate partner violence

M: 6.2%I vs 96%C, OR = 0.62 [0.38-1.01], p = 0.054

F: 14.7%I vs 13.5%C, OR = 1.12 [0.77-1.68], p = 0.51

Any casual partner

M: 53.1%I vs 56.9%C, OR = 0.85 [0.62-1.13], p = 0.29

F: 18.3%I vs 16.3%C, OR = 1.17 [0.85-1.63], p = 0.34

Biological

HIV incidence:

F: 5.65I vs 6.95C

M: 1.4I vs 1.29C, p = 0.78

HSV-2:

F: 5.35I vs 7.71C

M: 1.46I vs 2.04C, p = 0.36

Pregnancy

F: 14.4I vs 11.6C, OR = 1.45 [0.92-2.28], p = 0.11

M: 11.3I vs 12.9C, OR = 0.88 [0.60-1.31], p = 0.53

Tshwane Peer Education and Support Programme [36]

Tshwane (Pretoria), Gauteng

NB: In published results, measures of significance were based on 'within group' comparisons (eg., pre- and post-test). For consistency, we present 'between group' comparisons of the post-test measures in I (n = 1572) and C (n = 532) groups.

Perception of peer sexual activity

(most friends having sex)

20.7%I vs 25.4%C

Friends practice safe sex

51.0%I vs 54.2%C

Most friends drink alcohol

25.0%I vs 27.2%C

Findings reported as difference in scale scores:

Psychological well-being:

52.44I (SD6.8) vs 51.51C(SD6.8)

Personal control:

7.48I(SD2.1) vs 8.10C(SD2.1)

School Climate:

57.49I(SD11.4) vs 58.31C(11.7)

Sexual experience:

41.6%I vs 46.2%C

Sex during past 3 months:

36.9%I vs 30.8%C

Multiple partners in past 3 months

15.6%I vs 17.3%C

Condom use every time in last 3 months:

59.3%I vs 54.7%C

Sex without consent

19.7%I vs 20.8%C

Current Alcohol Use

21.9%I vs 22.7%C

Excessive alcohol use

13.1%I vs 18.0%C

Illicit drug use

6.5%I vs 7.2%C

Not measured

IMAGE - Intervention with Microfinance fir AIDS and Gender Equity [12, 13]

Knowing HIV+ person can look healthy: 91% I vs 87%C, RR = 1.09 [0.73-1.62]

Comfort discussing sexuality in the home: 84%I vs 68%C, RR = 1.22 [0.53-2.80]

Communication in h'hold about sex (past year): 74%I vs 50%C, RR = 1.46 [1.01-2.12]

>1 sexual partner in past year:

4%I vs 3%C, RR = 0.95 [0.40-2.27]

Unprotected last sex, non-spousal partner: 55%I vs 78%C, RR = 0.76 [0.60-0.96]

?HIV test: 29%I vs 18%C, RR = 1.64

[1.06-2.56]

No biological outcome measures for analysis of women under age 35