Table 1 Outcome criteria and assessment schedule

Edinburgh Post- partum Depression Scale (EPDS)

Pre and pospartum depression

Cox et al., 1987 [40]

Mother during home visits

10 items, 4 point-Likert scales (0–3)

X

X

X

X

French validation: Guedeney & Fermanian, 1995 [41]

Range 0–30

Higher scores indicate higher levels of depressive symptoms.

Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory

Quality of the home environment (quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to the child in the home environment)

Bradley & Caldwell, 1979 [42]

Assessment team during home visits

Designed for use during infancy (birth to age three).

X

X

X

French validation Gunning et al, 2004 [43]

45 items (yes/no response)

Six subscales:

Parental Responsitivity (11 items)

Acceptance of the child (8 items)

Organization of the environment (6 items)

Learning Materials (9 items)

Parental Involvement (6 items)

Variety in Experience (5 items)

Highest scores for each subscale indicate greater environment.

Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL 1½-5)

Child behavioural disorders

Achenbach 2009 [44]

Assessment team during home visits

100 items, Likert scales (0–2)

X

Range 0–200

French validation: Ivanova et al, 2010 [45]

A total score and 7 syndrome scales:

Emotionally Reactive (0–18, clinical range (CR) >8)

Anxious/Depressed (0–16, CR>8)

Somatic Complaints (0–22, CR>6)

Withdrawn (0–16, CR >5)

Sleep Problems (0–14, CR>8)

Attention Problems (0–10, CR>6)

Aggressive Behaviour (0–38, CR>24)

Attachment Q –Sort (AQS)

Child’s attachment

Waters & Deane, 1985 [46]

Assessment team during home visits

Two raters assess each situation, during a home visit of two hours.

X

French translation made and validated by a panel of infant mental health experts

90 items

Correlation with typical secure pattern:

Insecure attachment if < 0.35

Secure attachment if ≥0.35

Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ)

Mother’s attachment

Bifulco et al., 2003 [47]

Mother during home visit

22 items, 5-point Likert scale (1–5).

X

X

Range 0–110

1 global scale: Vulnerability (0–110, vulnerability if ≥ 57)

2 sub-scales:

Insecurity (range 0–60, insecure if > 30)

Proximity seeking (range 0–50, proximity seeking if ≥ 27)

Services Questionnaire

Use of social and / or medical services

Specifically designed for this research

Assessment team during home visits

Description of the use of 27 social and / or medical services

X

X

X

X

X

Social Support Interview (SS-A; SS-B)

Perception of social support received and level of satisfaction from the social network

Designed for this research based on Vaux, 1988 [48]

Assessment team during home visits

6 items

X

X

X

X

Description of social support structure (emotional, material, financial, socialization, valorization)

Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (Pacotis)

Parenting: mother perception of her attitude and behaviour towards her child, of her competence or incompetence and of her emotional investment of the child.

Boivin et al., 2005 [49]

Mother during home visit

17 items, numeral rating scales (0–10)

X

X

3 sub-scales (mean score of items)

Parental self-efficacy; Perception of parental impact; Hostile-reactive parenting behaviour

Higher sub-scale scores indicate lower parental self-efficacy, perception of less parental impact on the child's behaviour, and higher parental use of hostile-reaction behaviour.

Brunet-Lézine developmental test (BL-Revised)

Child development (0 to 5 years)

Brunet & Lezine, 1965 [50]

Assessment team during home visits

Developmental age (developmental quotient)

X

X

4 dimensions:

Language

Motor gross

Motor fine

Social relationships

30 item test scored partly

on observation, partly on questions to parents

Original scale in French

Alarm Baby Distress scale (ADBB)

Sustained withdrawal behaviour

Guedeney & Fermanian, 2001 [51] in France

Assessment team during home visits

8 items, 5-point Likert scale (0–4), Range 0–32

X

Withdrawal behaviour if ≥ 5

Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI)

Mother’s knowledge of infant development

McPhee, 1981 [52]

Mother during home visit

48 items (−1, 0, 1)

X

X

X

Range −48 to 48

Highest scores indicate better knowledge.

Parental Stress Inventory (PSI)

Parental stress

Abidin & Wilfong, 1989 [53]

Mother during home visit

24 items, Likert scales (1–5)

X

X

X

X

Two subscales (mean score of items):

Parental stress

Dysfunctional interaction

Higher scores indicate greater parental stress.

Symptom Check-list (SCL-90)

Mother’s psychological disorders

Derogatis, 1994 [54]

Mother during home visits

90 items, 5 point-Likert scales (0–4)

X

X

X

10 subscales:

Somatization (0–48)

Obsessive-Compulsive (0–40)

Interpersonal Sensitivity (0–36)

Depression (0–52)

Anxiety (0–40)

Hostility (0–24)

Phobic Anxiety (0–32)

Paranoid Ideation (0–24)

Psychoticism (0–40)

Other symptoms (0–28)

Higher scores indicate greater clinical impairment.

Working Alliance Inventory (WAI)*

Working alliance between the mother and the CAPEDP intervention psychologist

Horvath & Greenberg, 1989 [55]

Mother during home visits

12 items, Likert scale (1–7)

X

X

X

X

X

Range 12–84

French validation Guedeney et al, 2005 [56]

Higher scores indicate better working alliance

Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)^#

Infants’ Attachment

Ainsworth & al, 1978 [57]

Assessment team viewing video of infant in attachment laboratory

Categorical

X

(12 to 15 mths)

Attachment:

Secure

Insecure-Avoidant

Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant

Disorganised/Disoriented

Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) ^#

Maternal Disruptive Behaviour

Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, & Parsons, 1999 [58]

Assessment team viewing video of mother in attachment laboratory

Categorical:

X

Maternal Affective Communication not Disrupted if < 5

(12 to 15 mths)

Maternal Affective Communication Disrupted if ≥ 5

2 Sub-styles:

Withdrawal /Disoriented

Hostile/Role Confusion

Insightfulness Assessment (IA) ^#

Maternal Auto-reflexive function

Oppenheim & Koren-Karie 2002 [59]

Assessment team viewing video and interview of mother in Attachment laboratory

10 scales, giving way to a 4 category classification:

X

(12 to 15 mths)

Positive Insight

One-sided

Disengaged

Mixed