Table 5 Age adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for personal factors correlation with Hearing Loss (HL) and Hearing Impairment (HI)

Age (years)

< 60

≥ 65

1**

8.56 (6.51–11.24)

1**

6.79 (4.72–9.77)

Gender

Female

Male

1**

2.56 (1.94–3.38)

1**

2.35 (1.66–3.33)

Education

-Higher vocational school/college/post-graduate

-Secondary school/ vocational school

-No/ primary school

1**

1.36 (0.95–1.96)

2.66 (1.87–3.78)

1**

1.58 (0.84–2.95)

2.69 (1.54–4.70)

Diabetes Mellitus

No

Yes

1

1.36 (0.93–1.97)

1

0.95 (0.59–1.52)

Hypertension

No

Yes

1**

1.75 (1.27–2.42)

1

1.55 (1.05–2.29)

Obesity

No

Yes

1

0.97 (0.74–1.27)

1**

0.89 (0.60–1.30)

Working in a noisy environment ≥ 8 h.

No

Yes

1**

1.56 (1.13–2.17)

1

1.90 (1.21-3.00)

Listening to Personal recreating device

< 1 h

1–4 h

> 4 h

1

0.75 (0.53–1.07)

0.59 (0.37–0.94)

1**

0.71 (0.42–1.19)

0.61 (0.33–1.33)