Table 1 Study population characteristics among the NAFLD patients and healthy participants*
From: The association of healthy lifestyle score and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-NAFLD (n = 450) | NAFLD (n = 225) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | |||
Age,(year) | 37.9 ± 8.9 | 38.6 ± 8.7 | 0.296 |
Women, (%) | 48.2 | 44.4 | 0.354 |
Body mass index (Kg.m2) | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 30.6 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity ( MET/min/week) | 1590 ± 949 | 1119 ± 616 | < 0.001 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 2.7 | 7.1 | 0.006 |
Marital status (married, %) | 81.3 | 88.8 | 0.013 |
Education level (Bachelor and higher, %) | 47.8 | 44.9 | 0.478 |
Socio economic status (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Low (%) | 31.6 | 21.3 | |
Middle (%) | 40.4 | 33.8 | |
High (%) | 28.0 | 33.6 | |
Dietary intake | |||
Energy intake(Kcal/d) | 2227 ± 645 | 2369 ± 621 | 0.007 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55.9 ± 6.5 | 56.0 ± 7.4 | 0.913 |
protein(% of energy) | 13.2 ± 2.2 | 13.2 ± 2.5 | 0.924 |
fat(% of energy) | 30.8 ± 6.5 | 30.8 ± 7.4 | 0.939 |
Fiber (g/1000 Kcal) | 15.9 ± 6.5 | 16.8 ± 8.3 | 0.121 |
Healthy lifestyle score | < 0.001 | ||
Low (%) | 10.4 | 50.2 | |
Middle (%) | 39.6 | 42.2 | |
High (%) | 50.0 | 7.6 | |
Alternate healthy eating index | 55.1 ± 8.1 | 48.8 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Alternate healthy eating index components | |||
Vegetables (servings/d) | 2.86 (1.95–3.97) | 2.47 (1.63–3.40) | 0.001 |
Fruit (servings/d) | 2.60 (1.35–4.00) | 2.57 (1.41–4.29) | 0.877 |
Whole grains (servings/d) | 1.75 (0.85–3.82) | 2.13 (0.98–3.80) | 0.860 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice (servings/d) | 0.09 (0.04–0.15) | 0.15 (0.06–0.32) | < 0.001 |
Nuts and legumes (servings/d) | 0.27 (0.16–0.50) | 0.28 (0.15–0.51) | 0.537 |
Red/processed meat (servings/d) | 0.60 (0.33–0.98) | 0.87 (0.55–1.35) | < 0.001 |
Trans fatty acid (% of energy) | 0.68 (0.51–0.96) | 1.7 (0.88–2.36) | < 0.001 |
Long-chain (n-3) fats ( mg/d) | 0.07 (0.03–0.13) | 0.06 (0.03–0.12) | 0.535 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (% of energy) | 6.03 (4.80–7.55) | 6.20 (4.84–7.63) | 0.193 |
Sodium ( mg/d) | 3425 (2450–5448) | 3547 (2681–5213) | 0.602 |