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Table 3 Average marginal effects (AME) of experiences of pain among older adults aged 60 years and above in India, stratitified by sex, LASI Wave 1, 2017-18 (N = 28,050)

From: Early life factors associated with the experiences of pain in later life: evidence from a population based study in India

Background variables

Male

Female

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

AME (CI at 95%)

AME (CI at 95%)

AME (CI at 95%)

AME (CI at 95%)

Birth order

    

First or second

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Third or fourth

0.02**(0.01  0.03)

0.01*(0.01  0.03)

0.03***(0.01  0.04)

0.02**(0.01  0.04)

Fifth and above

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

0.01 (-0.01  0.04)

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

Mother ever diagnosed by chronic disease

    

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

0.04***(0.01  0.06)

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

Father ever diagnosed by chronic disease

    

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.03**(0.01  0.05)

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

0.01 (-0.02  0.03)

-0.02 (-0.04  0.01)

Childhood health status

    

Good

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Fair

-0.03**(-0.05  -0.01)

-0.02**(-0.04  0.01)

-0.08***(-0.10 -0.05)

-0.07***(-0.09  -0.04)

Poor

0.07**(0.01  0.13)

0.01 (-0.04  0.06)

0.05 (-0.02  0.11)

0.01 (-0.06  0.05)

Bedridden during childhood

    

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.06***(0.02  0.09)

0.03**(0.01  0.07)

0.09***(0.05  0.13)

0.07***(0.03  0.11)

Missed school

    

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.03 (-0.02  0.08)

0.04*(-0.01  0.09)

0.04 (-0.04  0.12)

0.02 (-0.06  0.09)

Childhood financial condition

    

Pretty well off financially

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Average

-0.01 (-0.04  0.02)

0.01 (-0.03  0.02)

-0.04***(-0.07  -0.01)

-0.02 (-0.05  0.01)

Poor

0.07***(0.04  0.09)

0.04***(0.01  0.07)

0.04***(0.01  0.07)

0.04***(0.01  0.07)

Age group

    

60–69 years

 

Reference

 

Reference

70–79 years

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.02)

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

80 + years

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

 

-0.02*(-0.05  0.01)

Marital status

    

In union

 

Reference

 

Reference

Widowed

 

-0.01 (-0.03  0.01)

 

-0.03***(-0.05  -0.02)

Not in union

 

-0.05**(-0.09  -0.01)

 

-0.07***(-0.11  -0.02)

Educational level

    

Illiterate

 

Reference

 

Reference

1–5 years

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.03)

6–10 years

 

-0.02*(-0.03  0.01)

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.03)

More than ten years

 

-0.04***(-0.06  -0.01)

 

-0.01 (-0.05  0.03)

Social group

    

Others

 

Reference

 

Reference

OBC

 

-0.02*(-0.03  0.01)

 

-0.06***(-0.08  -0.05)

SC/ST

 

-0.01 (-0.02  0.01)

 

-0.04***(-0.06  -0.02)

Religion

    

Hindu

 

Reference

 

Reference

Muslim

 

0.02*(0.01  0.04)

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

Others

 

0.02 (0.01  0.04)

 

-0.03***(-0.05  -0.01)

Wealth Index

    

Poor

 

Reference

 

Reference

Middle

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.02)

 

0.01 (-0.02  0.01)

Rich

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.02)

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.02)

Place of residence

    

Rural

 

Reference

 

Reference

Urban

 

-0.04***(-0.05  -0.02)

 

-0.06***(-0.07  -0.04)

Self-reported health

    

Good

 

Reference

 

Reference

Poor

 

0.13***(0.11  0.15)

 

0.16***(0.14  0.18)

Activities of Daily Living

    

No

 

Reference

 

Reference

Yes

 

0.10***(0.08  0.13)

 

0.10***(0.08  0.12)

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

    

No

 

Reference

 

Reference

Yes

 

0.06***(0.05  0.08)

 

0.06***(0.04  0.07)

Morbidity

    

None

 

Reference

 

Reference

One disease

 

0.03***(0.01  0.05)

 

0.05***(0.03  0.06)

Multiple diseases

 

0.08***(0.06  0.10)

 

0.12***(0.10  0.14)

Depression

    

No

 

Reference

 

Reference

Yes

 

0.08***(0.05  0.11)

 

0.10***(0.07  0.12)

Body mass index

    

Underweight

 

Reference

 

Reference

Normal weight

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.02)

 

0.02*(0.00  0.03)

Overweight

 

0.01 (-0.01  0.03)

 

0.05***(0.02  0.07)

Obese

 

0.01 (-0.03  0.05)

 

0.05***(0.02  0.08)

Tobacco

    

No

 

Reference

 

Reference

Yes

 

0.04***(0.03  0.06)

 

0.05***(0.03  0.07)

Alcohol

    

No

 

Reference

 

Reference

Yes

 

-0.02**(-0.04  0.00)

 

0.03 (-0.02  0.08)

  1. Note: AME denotes averaged marginal effects that represent the probability of experiencing pain obtained from logistic regressions, * if p < 0.1, ** if p < 0.05, *** if p < 0.01. Model 1 is unadjusted model and model 2 is adjusted for all the covariates included in Table 2