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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Underreporting of workers’ injuries or illnesses and contributing factors: a systematic review

Author, Year

Study design, Measure

Sampling method

Sample characteristics

Worker and workplace setting

Quality appraisal, Certainty

Size

Gender, Race/ethnicity, Mean age

Weddle, 1996 [4]

CS, Q

Convenient

368

F: 56% M:44%

Not provided

Mean 39 years

Workers in the environmental service department of 5 hospitals in Baltimore

2, Low

Haiduven, 1999 [14]

CS, Q

Convenient

549

Not provided

Healthcare workers in a public teaching hospital in Santa Clara

3, Moderate

Rosenman, 2000 [15]

CS, Q and I

Random

1,598

F: 41% M:59%

W: 67% B:28%

Not provided

General workers in Michigan

5, High

Biddle, 2003 [16]

PC

I and AD

Random

1st wave: 1,598

2nd wave:

1,118

Not provided

General workers in Michigan

4, Moderate

Scherzer, 2005 [8]

CS, Q

Convenient

941

F: 99% M:1%

H: 76%

Mean 42 years

Las Vegas hotel room cleaners

4, Moderate

Fan, 2006 [17]

CS, Q

Random

321

F: 47% M: 53%

W:88%

Not provided

General workers in Washington, DC

5, High

Siddharthan, 2006 [18]

CS (MM), Q and F

Convenient

Q: 15,319

F: 28

F: 84% M:16%

W:70% B:17%

Mean 50-59 years

Workers at veteran administration hospitals in Washington, DC

2, Low

Gershon, 2007 [19]

CS, Q

Random

1,156

F: 87% M:13%

Not provided

Mean 49 years

Unionized registered nurses (RNs) employed in a wide range of non-hospital settings in New York

4, Moderate

Makary, 2007 [20]

CS, Q

Convenient

699

F: 31% M: 69%

Not provided

Not provided

Surgeons in training at residency programs in general surgery certified by the Accreditation Council for Graduation Medical Education

4, Moderate

Donnelly, 2013 [21]

CS, Q

Convenient

336

Not provided

Residents, fellows, and practicing dermatologists

3, Moderate

Lipscomb, 2013 [6]

CS, Q

Convenient

1,020

Not provided

Not provided

Mean 27 years

Carpenter apprentices in 3 union training programs in Chicago, Illinois, St. Louis

4, Moderate

Moore, 2013 [22]

CS (MM), Q and F

Convenient

135

F:1% M:99%

W: 92%

Mean 45 years

Union construction workers in Northwest

2, Low

Qin, 2014 [23]

CS, Q

Convenient

2,639

F:90% M:10%

W: 50% B: 37%

Not provided

Nursing homes workers in Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island

4, Moderate

Boden, 2015 [24]

CS, Q and AD

Convenient

1,572

F:91% M:9%

W: 77%

Not provided

Patient care workers

3, Moderate

Pompeii, 2016 [25]

CS

Q and F

Convenient

5,385

F: 72% M:28%

W: 45% B: 23%

A: 9% H: 7%

Not provided

All workers in 6 hospitals in Texas and North Carolina who were likely to interact with patients and/or visitors as part of their job

4, Moderate

Deipolyi, 2017 [26]

CS, Q

Random

908

F:10% M:90%

Not provided

Mean 45 years

Interventional radiologist members of the Society of Interventional Radiology

4, Moderate

Green, 2019 [27]

RCT, Q

Random

390

F:55% M:45%

W: 30% H:68%

Not provided

Full-time janitors in the Service Employees International Union

4, Moderate

Yang, 2019 [28]

CS, Q

Random

7,395

F:38% M:61%

Not provided

Not provided

Residents taking the 2017 American Board of Surgery In Training

Examination

5, High

Anderson, 2021 [29]

CS, Q and I

Convenient

620

F:57% M:43%

W:57% H:13%

Mean 45 years

Janitors and custodians who are currently employed or had been employed in the past year

3, Moderate

Lee, 2021 [7]

CS, Q and I

Convenient

171

F: 58% M:42%

A:67% H:20%

Mean 48 years

Cleaning workers in Northern California

4, Moderate

  1. CS Cross sectional, PC Prospective cohort, RCT Randomized controlled trial, MM Mixed method, Q Questionnaire, I Interview, AD Administrative data, F Focus group, F Female, M Male, W White, B Black, H Hispanic, A Asian