First Author, Year | Dates of Data Collection | Data Collection Period in Months | Data Collection Time Points | Location in Saudi Arabia | Sampling Procedure | Analytic Sample Size | Age in Years Mean (SD) or Median [IQR] | Age Range in years | Female Percent | Nationality Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children/Adolescents | ||||||||||
Almugti, 2021 [38] | July to August 2021 | 2 | 1 | Jizan 30.0% Riyadh 19.4%, Eastern Province 12.7%, Medina 11.4%, Asir 9.8%, Makkah 8.6%, Bahah 4.1%, Qassim 1.8%, Hail 0.7%, Najran 0.5%, Tabuk 0.5%, Al Jawf 0.3%, Northern Borders 0.2% | Through social media in Saudi Arabia (e.g., Twitter, WhatsApp, and Facebook) | 651 | 9 (4) | 3 to 15 | 41.0% | All parents were Saudi |
Hanbazaza, 2021 [44] | June 22 to July 22, 2020 | 1 | 1 | All different regions across Saudi Arabia | Conducted using online survey distributed via social media (WhatsApp, Twitter, and Snapchat) in Arabic | 280 | NR | 6 to 15 | 48.9% | NR |
Al Agha, 2021 [34] | April 2020 to June 2020 | 3 | 1 | Jeddah | Patients with type 1 diabetes were contacted via an online virtual pediatric endocrine outpatient clinic | 150 | 12.5 (4.6) | 2 to 18 | 72.0% | NR |
Adults | ||||||||||
Abd El-Fatah, 2021 [31] | October 2020 | 1 | 1 | Makkah region 69.7%, Eastern region 20.4%, Riyadh region 9.9% | Mass email via collaborating authors networks, social media engagement (WhatsApp and Twitter), and snowball sampling | 363 | 36.3 (8.5) | 20 to 59 | 65.6% | NR |
Abdulaziz, 2021 [32] | September 2020 through February 2021 | 5 | 1 | Qassim province (cities of Buraidah, Unaizah, and AlRass) | Each city selected 10% of the PHCC in each city using simple random sampling (10P HCCs total; 5 from Buraidah, 3 from Unaizah, and 2 from AlRass). An average of 20 attendees were selected daily at each PHCC and interviewed | 299 | 38.6 (13.1) | 18 to missing | 72.6% | NR |
Abdulsalam, 2021 [33] | NR | NR | 1 | Jeddah | Online questionnaire was distributed using social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp) and email communication | 472 | NR | 18 to 59 | 68.0% | NR |
Al Fagih, 2020 [35] | Pre-lockdown (February 2 to March 12, 2020) and lockdown (March 12 to April 19, 2020) | 2 pre and 2 post | 2 | Riyadh | Contacted patients at a cardiac center | 82 | 65 [58 to 72] | NR | 35.4% | NR |
Alfawaz, 2021 [24] | Two weeks during and after Ramadan (May 11 to June 6, 2020) | 1 | 1 | NR, implies all regions | Online questionnaire was cascaded to different social media outlets throughout Saudi Arabia | 1965 | 35.2 (13.1) | 15 to 75 | 53.0% | 83.1% Saudi, 16.9% non-Saudi |
Al-Musharaf, 2021 [36] | Pre-lockdown (February to April 2019) and lockdown (April to May 2020) | 3 pre and 2 post | 2 | Riyadh | Randomly selected women aged between 19 and 30 years with no history of medical issues from several colleges | 297 | 20.7 (1.4) | 19 to 30 | 100.0% | All Saudi |
Alharthi, 2021 [37] | NR | NR | 1 | All regions | NR; enrolled only Saudis between the ages of 18 and 60 | 384 | NR | 18 to 60 | 50.6% | All Saudi |
Alotaibi, 2021 [39] | March 1 to April 30, 2020 | 2 | 1 | All regions* | Canvassing on social media, local radio stations, and through university mailing lists | 22,053 | NR | 18 to 40 | 44.5% | NR |
Alqurashi, 2021 [40] | March to May 2020 | 3 | 1 | Region: Eastern 60.1%, Western 23.5%, Central 15.9%, Northern 0.5% | Google forms of the questionnaire were sent to participants to complete via email and social media platforms (Twitter, Telegram, and WhatsApp) | 208 | NR | 18 to 56 | 88.9% | Saudi 99.5%, Non-Saudi 0.5% |
Bakhsh, 2021 [41] | Two week period between June and early July 2020 | 1 | 1 | Region: Western 70%, Central 16%, Eastern 8%, Southern 5%, Northern 1% | Online questionnaire distributed on various platforms (WhatsApp, Twitter, and email). Questionnaire link was sent to the authors’ relatives, friends, and neighbors to participate in the study and to share the link with their contacts | 2,255 | NR | 18 to missing | 64.0% | Saudi 91%, Non-Saudi 9% |
Barwais, 2020 [42] | April 9 to April 25, 2020 | 1 | 1 | Region: Makkah 73.4% and Medinah 26.6% | Convenience sample recruited through email invitations and on social media sites (Twitter, Telegram, and WhatsApp groups) | 244 | 33.8 (7.7) | 18 to 50 | 36.9% | NR |
BinDhim, 2021 [43] | Total of 7 waves of collection in 2020 | grouped into 4 waves of ~ 3 months each | 7 waves; grouped into 4 quarters | All 13 administrative regions | Proportional quota sampling using phone interviews with an age- and gender-stratified random selection of phone numbers from a list generated from the Sharik Association for Health Research (a database of > 80,000 individuals interested in participating in health research, covering all 13 administrative regions) | 30,134 over all waves; Quarter 1 = 7050, Quarter 2 = 11,289, Quarter 3 = 5183, Quarter 4 = 6612 | 36.5 (13.5) | 18 to 99 | 51.2% overall | All Saudi |
Jalal, 2021 [45] | Before lockdown (March 2020) and during lockdown (June 2020) | 1 pre and 1 post | 2 | Al-Ahsa | Students of undergraduate programs were selected from their registration numbers by using a simple random technique | 628 | 20.5 (1.9) | 18 to 30 | 70.9% | NR |
Magliah, 2021 [46] | Three days after the lockdown ended in Saudi Arabia (June 21–23, 2020) | 1 | 1 | Jeddah | Web survey (Google Forms) distributed via social media to patients who were actively attending the specialized insulin pump clinic | 65 | 30 (7.9) | 18 to missing | 70.8% | All Saudi |
Šagát, 2020 [47] | May 10 to May 17, 2020 | 1 | 1 | Riyadh | Simple randomization to select 1000 potential participants on the Riyadh municipality forum groups that were available on social media who were then sent the online questionnaire | 463 | 35.6 (9.8) | 18 to 64 | 44.1% | 71% Saudi citizens and 29% foreigners |
Sultan, 2021 [48] | August to September 2020 | 2 | 1 | NR, implies all regions | Non-probability convenient sample; online survey distributed using social media | 338 | 40 [IQR not reported] | 30 to 44 | 79.0% | NR |