Skip to main content

Table 1 Description of each study included in the review (n = 19)

From: A scoping review on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in Saudi Arabia

First Author, Year

Dates of Data Collection

Data Collection Period in Months

Data Collection Time Points

Location in Saudi Arabia

Sampling Procedure

Analytic Sample Size

Age in Years Mean (SD) or Median [IQR]

Age Range in years

Female Percent

Nationality Percent

Children/Adolescents

Almugti, 2021 [38]

July to August 2021

2

1

Jizan 30.0% Riyadh 19.4%, Eastern Province 12.7%, Medina 11.4%, Asir 9.8%, Makkah 8.6%, Bahah 4.1%, Qassim 1.8%, Hail 0.7%, Najran 0.5%, Tabuk 0.5%, Al Jawf 0.3%, Northern Borders 0.2%

Through social media in Saudi Arabia (e.g., Twitter, WhatsApp, and Facebook)

651

9 (4)

3 to 15

41.0%

All parents were Saudi

Hanbazaza, 2021 [44]

June 22 to July 22, 2020

1

1

All different regions across Saudi Arabia

Conducted using online survey distributed via social media (WhatsApp, Twitter, and Snapchat) in Arabic

280

NR

6 to 15

48.9%

NR

Al Agha, 2021 [34]

April 2020 to June 2020

3

1

Jeddah

Patients with type 1 diabetes were contacted via an online virtual pediatric endocrine outpatient clinic

150

12.5 (4.6)

2 to 18

72.0%

NR

Adults

Abd El-Fatah, 2021 [31]

October 2020

1

1

Makkah region 69.7%, Eastern region 20.4%, Riyadh region 9.9%

Mass email via collaborating authors networks, social media engagement (WhatsApp and Twitter), and snowball sampling

363

36.3 (8.5)

20 to 59

65.6%

NR

Abdulaziz, 2021 [32]

September 2020 through February 2021

5

1

Qassim province (cities of Buraidah, Unaizah, and AlRass)

Each city selected 10% of the PHCC in each city using simple random sampling (10P HCCs total; 5 from Buraidah, 3 from Unaizah, and 2 from AlRass). An average of 20 attendees were selected daily at each PHCC and interviewed

299

38.6 (13.1)

18 to missing

72.6%

NR

Abdulsalam, 2021 [33]

NR

NR

1

Jeddah

Online questionnaire was distributed using social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp) and email communication

472

NR

18 to 59

68.0%

NR

Al Fagih, 2020 [35]

Pre-lockdown (February 2 to March 12, 2020) and lockdown (March 12 to April 19, 2020)

2 pre and 2 post

2

Riyadh

Contacted patients at a cardiac center

82

65 [58 to 72]

NR

35.4%

NR

Alfawaz, 2021 [24]

Two weeks during and after Ramadan (May 11 to June 6, 2020)

1

1

NR, implies all regions

Online questionnaire was cascaded to different social media outlets throughout Saudi Arabia

1965

35.2 (13.1)

15 to 75

53.0%

83.1% Saudi, 16.9% non-Saudi

Al-Musharaf, 2021 [36]

Pre-lockdown (February to April 2019) and lockdown (April to May 2020)

3 pre and 2 post

2

Riyadh

Randomly selected women aged between 19 and 30 years with no history of medical issues from several colleges

297

20.7 (1.4)

19 to 30

100.0%

All Saudi

Alharthi, 2021 [37]

NR

NR

1

All regions

NR; enrolled only Saudis between the ages of 18 and 60

384

NR

18 to 60

50.6%

All Saudi

Alotaibi, 2021 [39]

March 1 to April 30, 2020

2

1

All regions*

Canvassing on social media, local radio stations, and through university mailing lists

22,053

NR

18 to 40

44.5%

NR

Alqurashi, 2021 [40]

March to May 2020

3

1

Region: Eastern 60.1%, Western 23.5%, Central 15.9%, Northern 0.5%

Google forms of the questionnaire were sent to participants to complete via email and social media platforms (Twitter, Telegram, and WhatsApp)

208

NR

18 to 56

88.9%

Saudi 99.5%, Non-Saudi 0.5%

Bakhsh, 2021 [41]

Two week period between June and early July 2020

1

1

Region: Western 70%, Central 16%, Eastern 8%, Southern 5%, Northern 1%

Online questionnaire distributed on various platforms (WhatsApp, Twitter, and email). Questionnaire link was sent to the authors’ relatives, friends, and neighbors to participate in the study and to share the link with their contacts

2,255

NR

18 to missing

64.0%

Saudi 91%, Non-Saudi 9%

Barwais, 2020 [42]

April 9 to April 25, 2020

1

1

Region: Makkah 73.4% and Medinah 26.6%

Convenience sample recruited through email invitations and on social media sites (Twitter, Telegram, and WhatsApp groups)

244

33.8 (7.7)

18 to 50

36.9%

NR

BinDhim, 2021 [43]

Total of 7 waves of collection in 2020

grouped into 4 waves of ~ 3 months each

7 waves; grouped into 4 quarters

All 13 administrative regions

Proportional quota sampling using phone interviews with an age- and gender-stratified random selection of phone numbers from a list generated from the Sharik Association for Health Research (a database of > 80,000 individuals interested in participating in health research, covering all 13 administrative regions)

30,134 over all waves; Quarter 1 = 7050, Quarter 2 = 11,289, Quarter 3 = 5183, Quarter 4 = 6612

36.5 (13.5)

18 to 99

51.2% overall

All Saudi

Jalal, 2021 [45]

Before lockdown (March 2020) and during lockdown (June 2020)

1 pre and 1 post

2

Al-Ahsa

Students of undergraduate programs were selected from their registration numbers by using a simple random technique

628

20.5 (1.9)

18 to 30

70.9%

NR

Magliah, 2021 [46]

Three days after the lockdown ended in Saudi Arabia (June 21–23, 2020)

1

1

Jeddah

Web survey (Google Forms) distributed via social media to patients who were actively attending the specialized insulin pump clinic

65

30 (7.9)

18 to missing

70.8%

All Saudi

Šagát, 2020 [47]

May 10 to May 17, 2020

1

1

Riyadh

Simple randomization to select 1000 potential participants on the Riyadh municipality forum groups that were available on social media who were then sent the online questionnaire

463

35.6 (9.8)

18 to 64

44.1%

71% Saudi citizens and 29% foreigners

Sultan, 2021 [48]

August to September 2020

2

1

NR, implies all regions

Non-probability convenient sample; online survey distributed using social media

338

40 [IQR not reported]

30 to 44

79.0%

NR

  1. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, NA Not applicable, NR Not reported, PHCC Primary health care clinics, SD Standard deviation
  2. *obtained directly from authors