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Table 2 Association between multimorbidity and health care utilization

From: Prevalence, patterns of multimorbidity and associations with health care utilization among middle-aged and older people in China

Variables

Outpatient care utilization

Inpatient care utilization

OR (95% CI)

 

OR (95% CI)

 

Multimorbidity (ref = no)

    

Yes

1.89 (1.65–2.17)***

 

2.52 (2.22–2.86)***

 

Age

0.98 (0.98–0.99)***

 

1.02 (1.01–1.02)***

 

Gender (ref = Male)

    

Female

1.03(0.90–1.24)

 

0.83 (0.70–0.99)*

 

Marriage status (ref = Married)

    

Windowed

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

 

1.03 (0.88–1.20)

 

Others

0.90 (0.63–1.29)

 

0.77 (0.52–1.14)

 

Education (ref = Sishu/home school and below)

    

Elementary school

1.14 (0.99–1.32)

 

1.09 (0.96–1.25)

 

Middle school

0.98(0.82–1.16)

 

1.00 (0.84–1.19)

 

High school and above

1.24 (1.02–1.51)*

 

0.99 (0.81–1.21)

 

Residence (ref = Rural)

    

Urban

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

 

1.09 (0.96–1.23)

 

InPCE

1.11(1.04–1.18) **

 

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

 

Alcohol consumption (ref = Never)

    

Occasionally

1.09 (0.84–1.41)

 

0.76 (0.61–0.95)*

 

Usually

0.79 (0.68–0.92)**

 

0.58 (0.50–0.67)***

 

Smoking status (ref = Never)

    

Quit

0.92 (0.61–1.37)

 

1.01 (0.69–1.48)

 

Current

0.95 (0.79–1.15)

 

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

 

Difficulty in ADL(ref = No)

    

Yes

1.40 (1.24–1.60)***

 

1.82 (1.61–2.06)***

 

Self-rated health (ref = Less than good)

    

Good

0.55 (0.46–0.67)***

 

0.45 (0.38–0.54)***

 

Health insurance (ref = None)

    

UEBMI

1.62 (1.16–2.28)**

 

3.48 (2.38–5.10)***

 

URBMI

1.47 (1.07–2.02)*

 

2.78 (1.91–4.03)***

 

NRCMS

1.47 (1.09–1.98)*

 

2.70 (1.90–3.85)***

 

Others

2.20 (1.07–4.52)*

 

2.25 (1.17–4.35)*

 
  1. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ADL: Activities in Daily Life * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001