Table 1 Weighted characteristics of participants in the NHANES (2011–2014) by trouble sleeping

Age

< 0.001

< 30

26.33

29.80

16.63

[30, 44)

33.30

34.08

31.11

≥ 44

40.37

36.12

52.26

BMI(kg/m²)

< 0.001

< 25

31.88

33.44

27.51

[25, 30)

33.51

34.09

31.88

≥ 30

34.61

32.47

40.62

Sex

< 0.001

Male

51.49

53.70

45.28

Female

48.51

46.30

54.72

Race/ethnicity

< 0.001

non-Hispanic White

64.70

61.10

74.79

non-Hispanic Black

11.24

11.75

9.83

Mexican American

9.27

10.64

5.42

Other Race/ethnicity

14.79

16.51

9.96

Marital status

< 0.001

Never married

25.35

26.82

21.23

Married/living with partner

60.82

62.3

56.67

Widowed/ divorced

13.83

10.88

22.1

Poverty income ratio.

0.808

< 1

17.44

17.11

18.36

[1,3)

33.7

33.89

33.21

≥ 3

48.86

49.01

48.43

Education

0.156

Below high school

3.25

3.58

2.35

High school

30.81

30

33.07

College or above

65.94

66.42

64.59

Smoke

< 0.001

Never smoke

58.00

62.67

44.92

Former smoke

18.79

17.01

23.8

Current smoke

23.21

20.32

31.28

Alcohol drinking

0.418

No alcohol use

22.64

23.15

21.2

Moderate alcohol use

50.13

49.53

51.81

High alcohol use

27.23

27.31

26.98

Muscle quality index

3.40 ± 0.02

3.44 ± 0.02

3.29 ± 0.03

< 0.001

Sleep duration (hour)

< 0.001

< 7

55.56

59.35

44.96

[7, 9)

39.14

35.4

49.59

≥ 9

5.30

5.25

5.44

Recreational activity (min/week)

< 0.001

< 150

57.82

55.89

63.23

< 0.001

≥ 150

42.18

44.11

36.77

Work activity (min/week)

0.129

< 150

63.03

62.07

65.72

≥ 150

36.97

37.93

34.28

Sedentary behavior (min/day)

< 0.001

< 480

56.02

57.94

50.60

≥ 480

43.98

42.06

49.40