Table 6 Bivariate and multivariable analysis for factors associated with severity of DFU in selected referral hospitals in Uganda, November 2021 to January 2022 ( n= 117)

Age

1.01(1.01–1.02)

1.02(1.01–1.03)

0.001

Age group in years

18–39

1

1

40–49

1.87(0.72–4.87)

2.5(0.91–6.91)

0.076

50–59

2.33 (0.99–5.52)

1.43(0.63–3.26)

0.397

60–69

1.82 (0.73–4.54)

1.67 (0.72–3.91)

0.234

70–95

2.77 (1.18–6.53)

3.023 (1.28–7.17)

0.012

Sex

Female

1

1

Male

0.95 (0.69–1.29)

-

-

Residence

Rural

1

1

Urban

0.95 (0.69–1.29)

-

-

Profession

Peasant farmer

1

1

Business/self employed

0.9 (0.6–1.37)

0.84 (0.43–1.66)

0.621

Non employed

0.94 (0.58–1.51)

1.02 (0.61–1.71)

0.939

Formerly employed

1.43 (1–2.05)

1.13 (0.5–2.53)

0.773

Level of education

No formal

1

1

Primary

0.73 (0.52–1)

0.58 (0.38–0.89)

0.011

Secondary

0.63 (0.4–0.98)

0.53 (0.29–0.97)

0.039

Tertiary

1 (0.6–1.66)

0.45 (0.18–1.17)

0.102

Religion

Muslim

1

1

Christian

0.8 (0.52–1.38)

0.9 (0.54–1.45)

0.629

Average monthly income in UgShs

< 10,000

0.73 (0.43–1.23)

0.42 (0.13–1.33)

0.142

10,000-100,000

0.58 (0.33–1.05)

0.39 (0.12–1.31)

0.128

100,001-500,000

0.76 (0.46–1.28)

0.47 (0.16–1.42)

0.181

500,001–1,000,000

1.13 (0.69–1.83)

0.8 (0.3–2.14)

0.650

Above 1 M

1

.

1

.

Smoking status

Non smoker

1

.

1

.

Ever smoked

1.47 (1.11–1.95)

1.08 (0.68–1.71)

0.751

Vegetables

Rarely

1

.

1

.

Daily

0.69 (0.20–2.37)

4.50 (0.68–1.68)

0.118

Usually

0.13 (0.01–1.26)

0.06 (0.00-0.86)

0.038

Occasionally

0.85 (0.38–1.88)

0.69 (0.28–3.06)

0.430

Carbohydrates

Rarely

1

.

1

.

Daily

0.15 (0.01–1.68)

0.18 (0.01–2.40)

0.193

Usually

0.45 (0.07–2.74)

1.08 (0.11–10.30)

0.946

Occasionally

1.02 (0.34–3.06)

1.43 (0.40–5.09)

0.581

Dorsum

No

1

.

1

.

Yes

1.32 (0.96–1.81)

1.32 (0.88–1.98)

0.176

Plantar

No

1

.

1

.

Yes

1.48 (1.1–2)

1.46 (0.89–2.38)

0.135

Number of locations for one Ulcer

1

1

.

1

.

2

1.02 (0.66–1.57)

0.52 (0.32–0.86)

0.011

3

1.66 (1.23–2.25)

0.57 (0.27–1.21)

0.145

4

1.97 (1.53–2.53)

0.72 (0.33–1.6)

0.421

Visual loss

Normal

1

.

1

.

Mild

0.96 (0.65–1.43)

0.55 (0.28–1.08)

0.084

Moderate

0.87 (0.61–1.26)

0.48 (0.29–0.78)

0.003

Severe

0.68 (0.43–1.06)

0.31 (0.17–0.54)

< 0.001

Neuropathy

Normal

1

.

1

.

Mild

2.18 (1.11–4.28)

3.4 (1.51–7.63)

0.003

Moderate

1.77 (0.95–3.29)

2.65 (1.34–5.23)

0.005

Severe

2.21 (1.21–4.03)

2.06 (0.96–4.43)

0.063

Peripheral Vascular Disease

No disease

1

.

1

.

Claudication

1.21 (0.87–1.7)

1.39 (0.88–2.2)

0.162

Gangrene

1.85 (1.51–2.28)

1.26 (0.71–2.24)

0.424

DVT

1.11 (0.53–2.35)

1.74 (0.44–6.89)

0.433

Hba1C 6.5%, n (%)

Less than 6.5%

1

.

6.5 and above

1.32 (0.86–2.01)

-

-

Blood Pressure class

Normal

1

.

1

.

Hypertension

1 (0.73–1.36)

1.05 (0.64–1.73)

0.851

Hypotension

1.68 (1.33–2.13)

1.93 (0.56–6.64)

0.296

Size of DFU in cm

1 to 5

1

.

1

.

5 to 10

1.76 (1.2–2.58)

1.51 (1.01–2.27)

0.047

Over 10

2.55 (1.84–3.53)

2.46 (1.38–4.39)

0.002