Paternal preconception modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a review of contemporary evidence from observational studies

Table 5 Newcastle Ottawa Scale [NOS] quality assessment (Case controls)

Newcastle–Ottawa Critical Analysis (Case controls)—Criteria
First author & Year	SELECTION				COMPARABILITY		EXPOSURE			TOTAL
First author & Year	Adequacy of case definition	Representativeness of the cases	Selection of controls	Definition of controls	Comparability of cases and controls (AGE)	Comparability of cases and controls (OTHER FACTORS)	Ascertainment of exposure	Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls	Non-Response rate	TOTAL
Bailey et al. 2014 [29]	✶		✶		✶	✶	✶			5
Deng et al. 2013 [83]	✶	✶		✶	✶	✶	✶	✶	✶	8
Frederiksen et al. 2020 [70]	✶	✶	✶	✶	✶	✶		✶		7
Greenop et al. 2015 [28]	✶		✶		✶	✶	✶			5
Milne et al. 2013 [27]	✶	✶	✶		✶	✶		✶		6
Milne et al. 2013 [27]	✶		✶		✶	✶	✶			5
Orsi et al. 2015 [71]	✶	✶	✶	✶	✶	✶		✶		7
Yang et al. 2015 [64]		✶	✶	✶	✶	✶		✶		6
Zwink et al. 2016 [87]	✶			✶	✶	✶				4

ISSN: 1471-2458