Table 2 Summary table
First Author & Year | Location | Design & Duration | Sample | Exposure Measure | Paternal Exposure | Confounders | Outcome Measure | Outcome | Quality± |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Composition | |||||||||
Bowatte et al. 2022 [25] | Australia | Cohort [Prospective] Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS) 1968—2021 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 836) of offspring (n = 1,938) | Paternal height and weight obtained from school medical records | BMI – BMI trajectory from early childhood (4–6 years) to late childhood (9–10 years) and adolescence (14–15 years) | 1)Maternal report of asthma at 14 years 2) Paternal report of asthma at 14 years 3) Grandfather or Grandmother ever asthma 4) Smoking status of Grandfather or Grandmother during paternal childhood 5) Grandfather’s occupation | 1) ‘Ever’ Allergic asthma 2) Asthma onset before 10 years old 3) Asthma onset after 10 years old | Offspring asthma | 5 |
Broadney et al. 2017 [35] | USA | Cohort [Retrospective] Upstate KIDS Study (Population-based) 2008–2010 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 2,974) of infants (n = 3,555) | Maternal report of paternal weight & height on baseline questionnaire at 4 months postpartum | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Maternal age, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Education, 4) Private insurance, 5) Maternal smoking during pregnancy, 6) Alcohol use during pregnancy, 7) Parity, 8) Infant plurality, 9) Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | Inflammatory biomarker [CRP] and Ig levels | Inflammation & immune response of neonates | 6 |
Casas et al. 2017 [36] | Spain | Cohort [Prospective] INfancia y Medio Ambiente- Environment and Childhood [INMA] (Population-based) 2003–2008 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 1,827) | Maternal report of paternal weight & height at first prenatal visit approximately 14 weeks of gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Parental age, 2) Sex of the child, 3) Parental education, 4) Parental social class, 5) Parity, 6) Maternal IQ, 7) Maternal employment status during pregnancy and at 5 years, 8) Breastfeeding duration, 9) Daycare attendance, 10) Child physical activity, 11) Maternal BMI | 1) McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) [contexualized to Spanish], & 2) The attention deficit hyoperactivity disorder [ADHD] Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders—4th Edition (ADHD-DSM-IV) | Neuropsychological development of preschool children around 5 years old | 9 |
Chen et al. 2021 [37] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University (Hospital-based) 2013—2016 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 2,318]) undergoing IVF/ICSI fresh embryo transfer cycles resulting in singletons (n = 1,366) and twins (n = 952) | Third Party—Measurement of paternal weight and height by trained nurse | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1)Parental age, 2) type of infertility, 3) duration of infertility, 4) ovulatory dysfunction, 5) endometriosis, 6) maternal prepregnancy BMI | International classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) into 9 subcategories | Birth defect | 5 |
Fang et al. 2020 [38] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) (Population-based) 2012–2016 | Couples planning to conceive [Males [N = 50,927]) | Third Party—Measurement of paternal weight and height by physician | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1)Age, 2) type of household, 3) education, 4) smoking, 5) alcohol consumption, 6) psychosocial pressure and ready for pregnancy 7) cycle regularity, 8) age of menarche, 9) gravidity, 10) spontaneous abortion, 11) induced abortion | Time to pregnancy (TTP) = interval between the date of enrolment and last menstrual period (LMP) | Fecundability | 5 |
Fleten et al. 2012 [39] | Norway | Cohort [Prospective] Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study (MoBa) (Population-based) 1999–2009 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 29,216) | Paternal self-report of weight and height (20%) OR maternal report of paternal weight and height (80%) at approximately 17 weeks of gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Parental educational level (years), 2) Paternal and maternal prenatal smoking, 3) Maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy, 4) Parental BMI | Body mass index (BMI) at 3 years old | Offspring adiposity | 6 |
Guo et al. 2022 [40] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] National Free Pre-conception Check-up Projects (NFPCP) 2013–2017 | Nulliparous couples attempting pregnancy (Males [N = 4,719,813]) | Third Party—Physician measurement of paternal weight and height | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) during participation in the NFPCP | 1)Maternal and paternal age at last menstrual period, 2) Maternal and paternal height 3) Education level, 4) Parity, 5) Ethnicity, 6) Area of residence 7) Maternal Diabetes, 8) Maternal Hypertension, 9) Smoking 10) Alcohol use 11) Passive smoking 12) History of adverse pregnancy incl preterm birth, stillbirth, or spontaneous abortion in previous pregnancies | 1) Large-for-gestational- age (LGA) = birthweight above 90th percentile according to birthweight centiles for a Chinese population, & 2) Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) = birthweight below the tenth percentile on birthweight centiles for a Chinese population | Offspring birthweight | 6 |
Hoek et al. 2022 [41] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Rotterdam Periconception Cohort (PREDICT Study) (Hospital-based) 2017–2019 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 221]) undergoing IVF/ICSI with cultured embryos (n = 757) | Third party—Anthropometric assessment completed by a trained nurse at baseline | BMI—"Preconceptional" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Total motile sperm count [TMSC], 2) Age, 3) Ethnicity, 4) Smoking, 5) Alcohol use, 6) Education | 1) Fertilization rate, 2) TMSC 3) Embryo developmental morphokinetics, 4) Embryo quality assessed by a time-lapse prediction algorithm (KIDScore), & 5) Live birth rate | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 8 |
Johannessen et al. 2020 [33] | Northern Europe Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland Estonia & Spain Australia | Cohort [Prospective] The Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia multigeneration study (RHINESSA) (Population-based) 2013–2016 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 2044), of adult offspring (n = 2,822) | Paternal self-report based upon validated figural drawing scale of 9 sex-specific silhouettes | BMI—“Overweight status” To identify subjects at risk for overweight body size (BMI, 25–30 kg/m2) at 8 years old, at puberty, and at age 30 years before offspring conception | 1)Paternal asthma status, 2) Education level 3) Maternal overweight status 4) Maternal asthma status 5) Offspring sex 6) Offspring age | Parent report in the RHINESSA questionnaire | Adult offspring asthma with or without nasal allergies | 6 |
Lonnebotn et al. 2022 [34] | Northern Europe Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland Estonia & Spain Australia | Cohort [Prospective] The Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia multigeneration study (RHINESSA) (Population-based) 2013–2016 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 308) of adult offspring (n = 420) | Paternal self-report based upon validated figural drawing scale of 9 sex-specific silhouettes | BMI—“Overweight status” To identify subjects at risk for overweight body size (BMI, 25–30 kg/m2) at 8 years old and at puberty | 1)Maternal education 2) Paternal education 3) Offspring age 4) Smoking history | Pre/post bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) & forced vital capacity (FVC) | Adult offspring lung function | 7 |
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Third party—Anthropometric assessment completed by a trained professional at baseline | BMI—"Preconception" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Mutsaerts et al. 2014a [43] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity [GECKO] Drenthe cohort (Population-based) 2006–2007 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 2,264) | Paternal self-report of weight and height on baseline questionnaire during third trimester or within 6 months postpartum | BMI—"Prepregnancy" Body mass index [BMI] at conception | Nil | Questionnaire, shortly after birth, completed by midwife or gynaecologist | Spontaneous preterm birth & Small for gestational age (SGA) | 3 |
Noor et al. 2019 [44] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] Project Viva birth cohort study of mothers and children 1999–2019 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 429) | Maternal report of paternal weight & height at first prenatal visit approximately 10 weeks gestation | BMI—"Periconception" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Maternal prepregnancy BMI, 2) Maternal Age, 3) Gestational weight gain, 4) Household income, 5) Maternal education, 6) Maternal smoking, 7) Maternal alcohol use, 8) Marital status, 9) Infant's sex, 10) Race/ethnicity, 11) Gestational age at delivery, 12) Mode of delivery, 13) Birth weight, 14) Batch effects, 15) Estimated nucleated cell types from cord blood 16) WBC's | Blood samples collected at birth, age 3 years & 7 years | Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and birthweight in offspring | 7 |
Pomeroy et al. 2015 [23] | Australia | Cohort [Prospective] Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) 1982–1983 | Mothers and Fathers of infants (N = 1,041) | Maternal report of paternal weight and height at first prenatal visit approximately 18 weeks of gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" height & body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Parity, 2) Maternal education, 3) Maternal smoking in the last trimester, 4) Maternal age at birth | 1) Birthweight, 2) Neck-rump length 3) Head circumference, 3) Absolute and proportional limb segment and trunk lengths & 4) Subcutaneous fat | Neonatal body measurements | 6 |
Retnakaran et al. 2021 [45] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Liuyang Preconception cohort 2009 - | Newly married couples attempting pregnancy and their expectant children (N = 1,292) | Third party—Anthropometric assessment completed by trained staff at baseline | BMI—"Pregravid" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Age, 2) Years of education, 3) Smoking status, 4) BMI, 5) Household income 6) Length of gestation, 7) Total gestational weight gain, 8) Gestational diabetes, 9) Preeclampsia, & 10) Infant sex | 1) Large-for-gestational- age (LGA) = birthweight above 90th percentile according to birthweight centiles for a Chinese population, & 2) Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) = birthweight below the tenth percentile on birthweight centiles for a Chinese population | Offspring birthweight | 8 |
Robinson et al. 2020 [46] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Upstate KIDS study (Population-based) 2008–2010 | Mothers and Fathers of children (N = 1,915) | Maternal report of paternal weight & height on baseline questionnaire at 4 months postpartum | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Maternal & paternal age, 2) Insurance status, 3) Child sex, 4) Maternal race/ethnicity, 5) Education, 6) Marital status, 7) History of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and/or diagnosis, 8) Smoking, 9) Alcohol intake, 10) Maternal & paternal history of affective disorders, 11) BMI, 12) Maternal prepregnancy BMI | 1) Positive history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or anxiety disorder 2) Positive screening for ADHD and the inattentive or hyperactive/impulse sub scales OR report of clinical ADHD diagnosis 3) Parental report of child borderline behavioural problems at 7 or 8 years of age | Offspring behavioural problems and psychiatric symptoms at 7–8 years | 7 |
Sun et al. 2022 [47] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Hunan Maternal and Child Health Hospital (Hospital-based) 2013–2019 | Couples receiving antenatal care (Males [N = 34,104) | Third party – Paternal height and weight measured at 14–16 weeks gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1)Paternal age, 2) maternal age, 3) maternal BMI, 4) residence location, 5) education level, 6) nationality, 7) history of smoking, 8) history of drinking, 9) history of betel nut consumption, 10) history of drug use, 11) history of preterm birth, 12) per capita monthly household income | Delivery before 37 weeks gestation & Birth weight < 2,500 g | Preterm birth & Low birth weight | 7 |
Sundaram et al. 2017 [48] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment [LIFE]) 2005–2009 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males [N = 501]) | Third party—Anthropometric assessment completed by a trained nurse at baseline | BMI—Body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) and waist/hip measurements | 1) Female partner's age, 2) Difference between the male and female age, 3) Both partner's smoking status, 4) Both partner's number of days of vigorous physical activity per week, 5) Both partner's free cholesterol level 6) Both partner's race 7) Both partner's education 8) Average acts of intercourse per menstrual cycle 9) Menstrual cycle regularity | Time to pregnancy (TTP) in menstrual cycles | Pregnancy | 8 |
Umul et al. 2015 [49] | Turkey | Cohort [Retrospective] | Couples (Males [N = 155]) undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles (n = 177) | Third party—Anthropometric measurements | BMI—Body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) during fertility treatment | Nil | 1) Fertilization rate, 2) Implantation rate, 3) Clinical pregnancy rate, & 4) Live birth rate | ICSI induced live birth | 2 |
Wei et al. 2022 [50] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Hunan Provincial Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital (Hospital-based) 2013–2019 | Pregnant couples (Males [N = 40,650]) | Paternal self-report of weight and height on baseline antenatal questionnaire between 8- and 14-weeks’ gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1)Maternal and paternal age 2) ethnicity, 3) educational level, 4) parity, 5) family income per month, 6) active smoking before pregnancy, 7) passive smoking before pregnancy, 8) alcohol consumption before pregnancy 9) folic acid consumption before or during pregnancy, 10) history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, 11) history of pregnancy complications, 12) gestational weight gain recommendation range, 13) pregnancy complications in this pregnancy, 14) smoking status before pregnancy, 15) alcohol consumption before pregnancy | Low birth weight = < 2,500 g Very low birthweight = < 1,500 g Extremely low birthweight < 1,000 g | Offspring birthweight | 6 |
Wei et al. 2021 [51] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort (GZBC) (Hospital-based) 2015–2018 | Parents with singleton birth (Males [N = 1,082]) | Paternal self-report of weight and height at first antenatal interview | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1)Parental age at delivery, 2) offspring sex, 3) gestational age, 4) offspring birth weight), 5) maternal residential place, 6) gravidity, 7) parity, 8) drinking before pregnancy, 9) maternal passive smoking during pregnancy, 10) pregnancy comorbidities or complications, 11) caesarean section | Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) | Newborn telomere length (TL) | 6 |
Xu et al. 2021 [52] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2015 | Pregnant couples and their expectant children (N = 1,810) | Paternal self-report of weight and height at first prenatal visit approximately 16 weeks of gestation | BMI—"Preconception" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) during fertility treatment | 1) Delivery gestational week, 2) Maternal age, 3) Gestational weight gain (GWG), 4) Education, 5) Parity, 6) Family history of metabolic diseases, 7) Haemoglobin, 8) Systolic blood pressure, 9) Diastolic blood pressure, 10) Dyslipidemia, 11) Fasting plasma glucose at the first prenatal check-up 12) Offspring sex 13) Preconception BMI | Assessed within 1 h of birth using digital scales | Offspring birthweight | 7 |
Yang et al. 2015 [53] | China | Case–control [Retrospective] (Population-based) 2011–2013 | Mothers & Fathers of cases (N = 870) and controls (N = 5,471) | Paternal self-report of weight and height at postpartum baseline interview | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Infant's gender, 2) Gestational age, 3) Parental age, 4) Family income, 5) Parental education level, 6) Gravidity, 7) Parity, 8) Paternal smoking status during pregnancy, 9) Parental prepregnancy weight,10) Parental height, 11) Parental BMI, 12) Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 13) Maternal weight gain during pregnancy, 14) Maternal BMI gain during pregnancy | Live macrosomic birth (> 4,000 g) | Macrosomia | 6 |
Zalbahar et al. 2017 [24] | Australia | Cohort [Prospective] Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) 1981–1983 | Mothers and Fathers of infants (N = 1,494) | Maternal report of paternal weight and height at first prenatal visit at approximately 18 weeks of gestation | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" weight and body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) | 1) Parental education, 2) Family annual income, 3) Maternal gestational weight gained, 4) Maternal smoking habit, 5) Offspring birth weight, 6) Offspring gender, 7) Gestational age, 8) Breastfeeding duration, 9) Offspring's lifestyle at 14 years, 10) Maternal or paternal BMI, 11) Maternal age at birth, 12) Offspring birth weight, 13) Offspring gender | Physical assessment using measuring tape and digital scales at 5, 14 and 21 year follow-ups | Offspring weight & BMI changes from childhood (5 years) into adulthood (21 years) | 5 |
Zhang et al. 2020 [54] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] National Free Pre-conception Check-up Projects (NFPCP) 2015–2017 | Nulliparous couples attempting pregnancy (Males [N = 2,301,782]) | Third Party—Physician measurement of paternal weight and height | BMI—"Pre-pregnancy" body mass index [BMI] (Weight in kilograms over height in meters squared) during participation in the NFPCP | 1) Age, 2) Ethnic background, 3) Educational level, 4) Occupation, 5) Household registration and region, 6) Alcohol intake, 7) Tobacco exposure, 8) Hypertension, 9) HBsAg positive status based on male individual model A | Time to pregnancy (TTP) = [Date of the last menstruation (pregnant couples) or Date of the most recent follow-up (nonpregnant couples) - Date of baseline questionnaire completion)]/Average menstrual cycle length] + 1 | Pregnancy | 9 |
Alcohol | |||||||||
Luan et al. 2022 [55] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study 2012 - | Mothers and Fathers of infants (N = 796) | Maternal report of paternal preconception alcohol consumption at 12–16 weeks gestation | Alcohol – 3 months before conception | 1)Paternal age 2) Paternal BMI 3) Paternal education 4) Paternal smoking 5) Maternal age 6) Parity 7) Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy 8) Maternal preconception folic acid supplements, 9) Multivitamin supplements during pregnancy 10) Gestational weeks 11) Sex | Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) at offspring ages 2, 4, & 6 years old | Offspring behavioural problems | 7 |
Milne et al. 2013 [26] | Australia | Case–control [Retrospective] Aus-ALL 2003–2006 Aus-CBT 2005–2010 | Mothers and Fathers of children with ALL (Cases [n = 281] Controls [n = 672) & CBTs (Cases [n = 221]) and Controls [n = 717] | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Alcohol –Any alcohol 12 months before pregnancy | 1)Year of birth group 2) Maternal age, 3) Ethnicity 4) Household income 5) Birth order 6) Maternal smoking 7) Child’s age 8) Child’s sex 9) State of residence 10) Paternal smoking 11) Paternal age group 12) Household income | Diagnosis from one of 10 paediatric oncology centres in Australia | Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) & Childhood brain tumours (CBTs) | 6 |
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Paternal self-report of health behaviours at wave III interview | Alcohol—preconception intake greater than once a month | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Mutsaerts et al. 2014a [43] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity [GECKO] Drenthe cohort (Population-based) 2006–2007 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 2,264) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire during third trimester or within 6 months following delivery | Alcohol intake (units/week) 6 months prior to conception and up to delivery | Nil | Questionnaire, shortly after birth, completed by midwife or gynaecologist | Spontaneous preterm birth & Small for gestational age (SGA) | 3 |
Xia et al. 2018 [56] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study 2012 | Mothers and Fathers of infants (N = 980) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview between 12 to 16 weeks of gestation | Alcohol—intake at least once a week 3 months before conception | 1) Parental age, 2) Parental BMI before conception, 3) Gestational age, 4) Gravidity, 5) Birth weight of offspring, 6) Paternal education, 7) Maternal passive smoking before conception (yes/no), 8) Paternal smoking (yes/no), 9) Days between birth and 12-month measurement | Males—AGD-AP (centre of anus to penis) AGD-AS (centre of anus to scrotum) Females—AGD-AC (centre of anus to clitrous) AGD-AF (centre of anus to fourchette) | Offspring anogenital distance (AGD) | 8 |
Zuccolo et al. 2016 [57] | Norway | Cohort [Prospective] The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (Population based) 1999–2009 | Mothers & Fathers of children (N = 68,244) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire at approximately 17 weeks of gestation | Alcohol—intake in the 6 months prior to pregnancy and up to week 18 of gestation | 1) Year of birth, 2) Folic acid use around conception, 3) Whether the pregnancy was planned, 4) Maternal diabetes, 5) Parity, 6) Ethnicity, 7) Financial strain, 8) Parental age, 9) Height, 10) BMI, 11) Gross income, 12) Education, 13) Smoking/drug use in pregnancy, 14) Other parent's exposure | Sex-standardised head circumference (expressed as standard deviation [SD] scores), based on the distribution of all MoBa newborns by sex | Offspring head circumference | 4 |
Cannabis | |||||||||
Har-Gil et al. 2021 [58] | Canada | Cohort [Retrospective] (Clinic-based) 2016–2019 | Female (n = 15) & male (N = 53) cannabis users & non-users (N = 654) undergoing IVF | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Cannabis—use prior to fertility treatment | Nil | 1) Sperm volume 2) Sperm quality, 3) Fertilization rate 4) Implantation rate (IR) 5) Ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 2 |
Kasman et al. 2018 [59] | USA | Cross sectional cohort [Retrospective] National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) (Population-based) 2002–2015 | Female (n = 1,076) & male (N = 758) respondents of the National Survery of Family Growth (NSFG) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Cannabis—use over the previous 12 months | 1) Age, 2) Marital status, 3) Previous children, 4) Partner age (for men), 5) Previous fertility evaluation/treatment, 6) Year of survey, 7) Income, 8) Race, 9) Education | Estimated time to pregnancy (TTP) using the current-duration appaorach | Pregnancy | 6 |
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Paternal self-report of health behaviours at wave III interview | Cannabis—use in the last 12 months | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Nassan et al. 2019 [60] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Environment and Reproductive Health Study [EARTH] 2005–2017 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 200]) undergoing IVF cycles (n = 368) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Cannabis—use ever | 1) Age, 2) Race, 3) BMI, 4) Tobacco smoking, 5) Coffee and alcohol consumption, 6) Cocaine use | 1) Implantation, 2) Clinical pregnancy, 3) Live birth per assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle, & 4) Pregnancy loss | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 7 |
Wise et al. 2018 [61] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Preconception pregnancy planner cohort study online (PRESTO) 2013–2017 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males N = 1,125) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Cannabis—use in the previous 2 months | 1) Age, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Education, 4) Annual household income, 5) Cigarette smoking history, 6) Alcohol intake, 7) Caffeine intake, 8) Intercourse frequency, 9) Doing something to improve chances of conception, 10) PSS-10 score, 11) MDI score, 12) Sugar-sweetened soda intake, 13) Average sleep duration 14) Employment status | Time to pregnancy (TTP) = (Menstrual cycles of attempt at study entry) + [(Last menstrual period [LMP] date from the most recent followup questionnaire − date of baseline questionnaire completion)/usualmenstrual cycle length] + 1 | Fecundability | 6 |
Physical activity | |||||||||
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Paternal self-report of health behaviours at wave III interview | Physical activity—sessions in the last week | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Mutsaerts et al. 2014a [43] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity [GECKO] Drenthe cohort (Population-based) 2006–2007 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 2,264) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire during third trimester or within 6 months following delivery | Physical activity—moderate intensity for 30 min per day ≥ once a week 6 months prior to conception and up to delivery | Nil | Questionnaire, shortly after birth, completed by midwife or gynaecologist | Spontaneous preterm birth & Small for gestational age (SGA) | 3 |
Smoking | |||||||||
Accordini et al. 2021 [32] | Northern Europe Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland Estonia & Spain Australia | Cohort [Prospective] The Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia multigeneration study (RHINESSA) (Population-based) 2013–2016 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 274), investigated in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS), of adult offspring (n = 383) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview and ECRHS examinations | Smoking – Prepubertal smoking [smoking < 15 years old] & smoking ≥ 15 years old | 1)Grand parents education level 2) Paternal age 3) Paternal education level 4) Paternal occupational class 5) Maternal smoking before or after offspring birth 6) Offspring age 7) Offspring sex 8) Offspring education level 9) Offspring smoking | Pre/post bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) & forced vital capacity (FVC) | Adult offspring lung function | 8 |
Accordini et al. 2018 [31] | Northern Europe Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland Estonia & Spain Australia | Cohort [Prospective] European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) (Population-based) 1998–2013 | Mothers and Fathers (N = 1,964) of adult offspring (n = 4,192) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview and ECRHS examinations | Smoking –Prepubertal smoking [smoking < 15 years old] & smoking ≥ 15 years old | 1)Grandmother smoking 2) Father’s ever asthma 3) Education level 4) Smoking initiation 5) Offspring gender 6) Age | Parent report in the ECRHS questionnaire | Adult offspring asthma with or without nasal allergies | 7 |
Carslake et al. 2016 [62] | Norway | Combined cohort [Prospective] HUNT Study [Adult ≥ 20 years] (1984 – 2008)/ YoungHUNT Study [Child 13–19 years] (1995 – 2007) | Mothers and Fathers ([HUNT] of offspring [YoungHUNT] (N = 221) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Smoking –Prepubertal smoking [smoking < 11 years old] | 1)Offspring birth order 2) Maternal education 3) Paternal employment 4) Maternal and Paternal smoking status at time of offspring conception 5) Offspring sex | Body Mass Index (BMI) | Offspring adiposity | 6 |
Deng et al. 2013 [63] | China | Case–control [Retrospective] Gene-environmental interaction study on CHD occurrence (Hospital-based) 2010–2011 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children as CHD cases (N = 267) & controls (N = 386) | Maternal report at baseline interview during pregnancy but after prenatal diagnosis of CHD | Smoking—"Periconceptional" being 3 months before conception through to the first trimester of pregnancy | 1) Maternal residence, 2) Age, 3) Education, 4) Prepregnancy BMI, 5) Parental alcohol use during the 3 months before and 3 months after conception, 6) Folic acid intake during the 3 months before and 3 months after conception, 7) Family history of CHD, 8) Parity | Diagnosed via prenatal echocardiography | Congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring | 8 |
Frederiksen et al. 2020 [64] | Costa Rica | Case–control [Retrospective] Costa Rican Childhood Leukemia Study (CRCLS) (Population-based) 2001–2003 | Mothers and Fathers (N = 198) of offspring suffering leukemia (N = 292) [Cases] & cancer free age matched offspring (N = 578) [controls] | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Smoking –Tobacco smoking 12 months before conception | 1)Child sex 2) Birth year 3) Parental education 4) Paternal age 5) Maternal smoking | Diagnosis, between 1995–2000 in Costa Rica while aged < 15 years, of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (N = 252) or Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (N = 40) | Childhood leukemia | 7 |
Knudsen et al. 2020 [30] | Northern Europe Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland Estonia & Spain Australia | Cohort [Prospective] The Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia multigeneration study (RHINESSA) (Population-based) 2013–2016 | Mothers & Fathers (N = 2,111) of adult offspring (n = 2,939) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview and examinations | Smoking –Prepubertal smoking [smoking before 15 years old] & smoking ≥ 15 years old. Preconception smoking [≥ 2 years before offspring birth year] | 1)Parental education 2) offspring sex | 1) BMI [weight (kg)/height (m)2] 2) Bioelectrical impedance analysis 3) Fat mass index (FMI) [fat mass (kg)/height (m)2 | Adult offspring BMI index and FMI index | 5 |
Ko et al. 2014 [65] | Taiwan | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (National) 2005–2006 | Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 21,248) | Maternal report at baseline interview 6 months postpartum | Smoking—Preconception tobacco being before pregnancy and up to four months postpartum | 1) Maternal age, 2) Nationality, 3) Education, 4) Parity, 5) Total weight gain during pregnancy, 6) Infant gender, 7) Multifetus, 8) Paternal smoking in the same period | 1) Low Birth weight (LBW) < 2,500 g, 2) Small for gestational age (SGA)—Birth below the 10th percentile of gender-specific birth weight for gestational age based on the 1998–2002 nationwide percentiles & 3) Preterm birth < 37 weeks | Offspring birthweight & incidence of preterm delivery | 5 |
Milne et al. 2013 [27] | Australia | Case–control [Retrospective] The Australian Study of Childhood Brain Tumors (Aus-CBT) (Population-based) 2005–2010 | Mothers and Fathers (N = 1048) of children with childhood malignancy and brain tumors (CBT) (n = 247) & controls (n = 801) | Paternal self-report on mailed questionnaire | Smoking—Average number of cigarettes smoked per day in each calendar year from age 15 until year after child’s birth | 1)Child’s ethnicity, 2) year of birth group, 3) Mother’s age group, 4) Father’s age group, 5) alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 6) household income | Diagnosis at one of 10 Australian paediatric oncology centres | Childhood brain tumors (CBT) | 5 |
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Paternal self-report of health behaviours at wave III interview | Smoking—At least one cigarette per day over the last 30 days | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Mutsaerts et al. 2014a [43] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity [GECKO] Drenthe cohort (Population-based) 2006–2007 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 2,264) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire during third trimester or within 6 months following delivery | Smoking- cigarettes per day in the 6 months prior to conception and up to delivery | Nil | Questionnaire, shortly after birth, completed by midwife or gynaecologist | Spontaneous preterm birth & Small for gestational age (SGA) | 3 |
Northstone et al. 2014 [66] | UK | Cohort [Prospective] The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) 1991–1992 | Pregnant couples where fathers identified as smoking regularly (n = 5,376) including before 11 years old (N = 166) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire completed during pregnancy | Smoking—Prepubertal tobacco before 11 years of age | 1) Parity of the mother at the time of birth of the offspring (primiparae vs multiparae), 2) Highest maternal education level 3) Housing tenure 4) Maternal smoking during pregnancy 5) Paternal smoking at conception | 1) BMI, 2) Waist circumference, 3) Total-body fat mass, & 4) Lean mass | Offspring adiposity | 7 |
Orsi et al. 2015 [67] | France | Case–Control [Retrospective] ESTELLE study (Population-based) 2010—2011 | Mothers and fathers (N = 247) of offspring suffering childhood acute leukemia (CL) (N = 69) [Cases] & cancer free age matched offspring (N = 178) [Controls] | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Smoking –Tobacco smoking during the 3-month period preceding conception; the “pre-conception period” | 1)Offspring Age 2) Offspring Sex 3) Mother’s age at child’s birth 4) Mother’s education 5) Birth order | Diagnosed with CL < 15 years old as per the National Registry of Childhood Hematopoietic Malignancies (NRCH) criteria | Childhood acute leukemia (CL) | 7 |
Sapra et al. 2016 [68] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment [LIFE]) 2005–2009 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males [N = 501]) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Smoking—Lifetime exposure to tobacco products (including cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, cigars, pipes, waterpipes, chewing tobacco, snuff and dip) | 1) Race/ethnicity, 2) Education, 3) Income, 4) Age, 5) Alcohol use, 6) Caffeine use, 7) BMI, 8) Blood cadmium in each partner, 9) Couple's mean age, 10) Difference in partners' ages | Time to pregnancy (TTP) in menstrual cycles | Pregnancy | 7 |
Svanes et al. 2017 [69] | Northern Europe Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia | Combined Cohort [Prospective] European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) (1989–1992) & Respiratory Heath in Northern Europe (RHINE) (Population-based) 1991—2012 | Mothers and Fathers (N = 3,777) of offspring aged 2–51 years (n = 24,168) | Paternal self-report on RHINE III questionnaire | Smoking – Tobacco smoking prior to conception including period around birth | 1)Age 2) Study centre 3) Parental age 4) Parental asthma before age 10, 5) Parental education | Diagnosis via parental report | Offspring asthma before/after 10 years | 6 |
Wang et al. 2022 [70] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project (NFPCP) (Population-based) 2010–2016 | Non-smoking women and their smoking husbands (N = 190,529) | Paternal self-report at preconception health examination | Smoking—Tobacco while attempting conception in the following 6 months | 1) Maternal and paternal age at last menstrual period, 2) Higher education, 3) Han ethnicity, 4) Preconception body mass index (BMI), 5) Alcohol drinking, 6) Parental passive smoking, 7) History of adverse pregnancy outcomes, 8) Region of the service station | Delivery before 37 completed gestational weeks | Preterm birth (PTB) | 5 |
Wang et al. 2018 [71] | China | Cohort [Retrospective] National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project (NFPCP) (Population-based) 2010–2016 | Non-smoking women and their husbands (N = 5,770, 691) | Paternal self-report at preconception health examination | Smoking—Tobacco while attempting conception in the following 6 months | 1) Maternal and paternal age at last menstrual period, 2) Higher education, 3) Han ethnicity, 4) Preconception body mass index (BMI), 5) Alcohol drinking, 6) Parental passive smoking, 7) History of adverse pregnancy outcomes, 8) Region of the service station | Fetal death before week 28 of gestation | Spontaneous abortion (SA) | 6 |
Wesselink et al. 2019 [72] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Preconception pregnancy planner cohort study online (PRESTO) 2013–2018 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males N = 1,411) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Smoking—Tobacco while attempting conception for ≤ 6 menstrual cycles | 1) Age, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Education, 4) Annual household income, 5) BMI, 6) Sugar sweetened beverage intake, 7) Healthy eating index score, 8) Multivitamin or folic acid supplement use, 9) Sleep duration, 10) PSS-10 score, 11) MDI score, 12) Parity, 13) Intercourse frequency, 14) Doing something to improve chances of conception | Pregnancy attempt time = (Menstrual cycles of attempt time at baseline) + [(Last menstrual period [LMP] date from most recent followup questionnaire—date of baseline questionnaire)/Cycle length] + 1 | Fecundability | 5 |
You et al. 2022 [73] | China | Cohort [Prospective] Children lifeway Cohort 2018 - | Mothers and Fathers (N = 1,037) of first grade students (7–8 years old) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Smoking—Tobacco smoking before conception | 1)Sex 2) Actual age 3) Father overweight, 4) Mother overweight 5) Percentage of food expenditure 6) Educational level of parents 7) Caesarean Sect. 8) Birthweight 9) Breastfeeding 10) Other household smoking 11) Mother exposed to SHS during pregnancy 12) Picky eaters 13) TV watching time 14) physical exercise 15) Frequency of eating fried/baked food 16) Late-night dinners 17) Vegetable and fruit 18) Snack consumption | Age and sex specific BMI cut-off points according to the growth standard of China “Screening for overweight and obesity among school-age children and adolescents” | Offspring overweight/obesity | 7 |
Zhou et al. 2020 [74] | China | Cohort [Prospective] National Preconception Health Care Project (NPHCP) (Population-based) 2010–2012 * with matched case control | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males [N = 566,439]) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview | Smoking—Tobacco smoking before conception | 1) Maternal age, 2) Education, 3) Occupation, 4) Residence status, 5) Self-reported medical history, 6) Smoking, 7) Second hand smoking, 8) Alcohol consumption, 9) Folic acid supplement, 10) Paternal alcohol consumption | [*Primary] Birth defects = diagnosis on hospital records of first 42 days after delivery [*Secondary] Birth defect types = congenital heart disease, limb anomalies, clefts, digestive tract anomalies, gastroschisis and neural tube defects | Offspring birth defects | 7 |
Zwink et al. 2016 [75] | Germany | Case–control [Retrospective] (Population based) 2009-Ongoing | Mothers & Fathers of cases (N = 158) and controls (N = 474) | Maternal report on baseline interview at approximately 8 years postpartum | Smoking -"Periconceptional" tobacco being 3 months before conception until the fourth month of pregnancy | 1) Gender, 2) Birth year of the child, 3) Maternal age, 4) BMI, 5) Maternal body weight | Diagnosis of 1) Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) or 2) Anorectal malformations (ARM) ARM's | Offspring malformations | 4 |
Stress | |||||||||
Bae et al. 2017 [76] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment [LIFE]) (Population-based) 2005–2009 | Couples attempting pregnancy and their expectant children (N = 235) | Paternal self-report at baseline interview assessed by Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-4] | Stress—& lifetime history of physician-diagnosed anxiety and/or mood disorders | 1) Age, 2) Serum cotinine, 3) Annual income, 4) Maternal parity | Secondary sex ratio (SSR) [Males:Females at birth] | Offspring sex | 6 |
Mutsaerts et al. 2014a [43] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity [GECKO] Drenthe cohort (Population-based) 2006–2007 | Pregnant couples & their expectant children (N = 2,264) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire during third trimester or within 6 months following delivery | Stress—Paid working hours < 16 h per week | Nil | Questionnaire, shortly after birth, completed by midwife or gynaecologist | Spontaneous preterm birth & Small for gestational age (SGA) | 3 |
Wesselink et al. 2018 [77] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Preconception pregnancy planner cohort study online (PRESTO) 2013–2018 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males N = 1,272) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire assessed by the Perceived stress scale [PSS] | Stress—Perceived stress in the last month | 1) Age, 2) BMI, 3) Race/ethnicity, 4) Education, 5) Household income, 6) Employment status, 7) Work duration, 8) Physical activity | Pregnancy attempt time = (Menstrual cycles of attempt time at baseline) + [(Last menstrual period [LMP] date from most recent followup questionnaire—date of baseline questionnaire)/Cycle length] + 1 | Fecundability | 7 |
Nutrition | |||||||||
Bailey et al. 2014 [29] | Australia | Case–control [Prospective] The Australian Study of Causes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (Aus-ALL). (Population-based) 2003–2007 | Mothers and Fathers of children with ALL (n = 285) and controls (n = 595) | Paternal self-report on food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Folate & Vitamins B6/B12—during the 6 months before conception | 1)Birth order 2) best parental education, 3) paternal age, 4) paternal smoking in the conception year, 5) year of agreement and FFQ version, 6) supplement use (folate, B6, or B12), 7) control state, 8) control sex, 9) control age | Diagnosis at one of 10 Australian paediatric oncology centres | Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | 5 |
Greenop et al. 2015 [28] | Australia | Case–control [Retrospective] The Australian Study of Childhood Brain Tumors (Aus-CBT) (Population-based) 2005–2010 | Mothers and Fathers (N = 866) of children with childhood malignancy and brain tumors (CBT) (n = 237) & controls (n = 629) | Paternal self-report on food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Folate & Vitamins B6/B12—during the 6 months before conception | 1)Control age, 2) control sex, 3) control state of residence, 4) child’s year of diagnosis/recruitment, 5) paternal age, 6) best parental education, 7) child’s ethnicity, 8) paternal preconceptional high alcohol consumption | Diagnosis at one of 10 Australian paediatric oncology centres | Childhood brain tumors (CBT) | 5 |
Hatch et al. 2018 [78] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Preconception pregnancy planner cohort study online (PRESTO) 2013–2017 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males N = 1,045) | Paternal self-report on food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline | Sugar sweetened beverage intake –Servings per week in the past month | 1)Male and female age, 2) male and female BMI, 3) age, 4) race/ethnicity, 5) education, 6) annual household income, 7) smoking history, 8) BMI, 9) physical activity, 10) caffeine intake, 11) alcohol intake, 12) sleep duration, 13) perceived stress scale score, 14) intercourse frequency | Time to pregnancy (TTP) [(menstrual cycles of attempt time at baseline) + [(LMP date from most recent follow-up questionnaire—date of baseline questionnaire)/cycle length] + 1] | Fecundability | 6 |
Hoek et al. 2019 [79] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Rotterdam Periconception Cohort (PREDICT Study) (Hospital-based) 2010–2015 | Pregnant couples (N = 511) producing spontaneous pregnancy (n = 303) or IVF/ICSI pregnancy (n = 208) | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Folate—"Periconceptional" status being 14 weeks before pregnancy and up to 10 weeks of gestation | 1) Gestational age at the time of ultrasound, 2) Paternal age, 3) Paternal smoking and alcohol, 4) Geographic origin, 5) Maternal age, 6) Maternal BMI, 7) Maternal smoking and alcohol, 8) Parity, 9) RBC folate levels, 10) Education level, 11) Geographic origin, 12) Fetal gender | 1) Crown-rump length (CRL) & 2) Embryonic volume (EV) at 7, 9 and 11 weeks of gestation | Embryonic growth trajectories | 7 |
Lippevelde et al. 2020 [80] | Norway | Combined cohort [Prospective] Young-Health Study in Nord-Trondelag (Young-HUNT 1 1995–1997 & Young-HUNT 3 2006–2008) | Adolescents (13–19 years old) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants. Young-HUNT 1 Father-offspring dyads (N = 2,140). Young-HUNT 3 Father-offspring dyads (N = 391) | Adolescent self-report on baseline questionnaire | Diet—Dietary exposures during adolescence | 1) Adolescents age, 2) BMI z-score 3) Education plans 4) Chewing tobacco use 5) Smoking 6) Alcohol use | 1) Birthweight (g) 2) Length (cm) 3) Head circumference (cm) 4) Placenta weight (g), 5) Gestational length (weeks) & 6) Ponderal index—Adiposity ([Birthweight (g) /Birth length3 (cm)]*100) | Neonatal health of offspring | 8 |
Martin-Calvo et al. 2019 [81] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Environment and Reproductive Health Study [EARTH] 2007–2017 | Subfertile couples undergoing fertility treatment (Males N = 108) producing singletons [n = 85), twins (n = 54) & triplets [n = 3]) | Paternal self-report on baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Folate—Preconception intake prior to or up to 12 weeks after the day of peak oestradiol concentration during a fertility treatment cycle (IVF/ICSI/IUI) | 1) Age, 2) Choline, betaine, methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, 3) Total energy intake, 4) Diet quality, 5) Maternal BMI, 6) Maternal smoking status, 7) Infertility diagnosis, 8) Type of fertility treatment | 1) Gestational age at delivery (days), 2) Live birth of a neonate ≥ 24 weeks of gestation, & 3) Gestational age-adjusted birthweight | IVF/ICSI/IUI induced live birth | 7 |
Mitsunami et al. 2021 [82] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Environment and Reproductive Health Study [EARTH] 2007–2018 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 231]) undergoing IVF cycles (n = 407) | Paternal self-report on baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Diet—patterns 1 (processed foods) & 2 (whole/unprocessed foods) over the previous 12 months | 1) Men's age, 2) Total caloric intake, 3) BMI, 4) Race, 5) Smoking status, 6) Education level, 7) Physical activity, 8) Women's age + BMI, 9) Couple's primary infertility diagnosis, 10) Treatment protocol, 11) Women's adherence to the two dietary patterns, 12) Women's race, 13) Women's smoking status | 1) Fertilization rate, 2) Probability of implantation, 3) Clinical pregnancy, & 4) Probability of live birth per initiated treatment cycle | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 7 |
Moss et al. 2015a [42] | USA | Longitudinal cohort [Prospective] National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 1994–2008 | Adolescents (grades 7 -12) followed into adulthood becoming Mothers & Fathers of infants (N = 372) | Paternal self-report of health behaviours at wave III interview | Diet—Fast food consumption | 1) Parents age at birth, 2) Race/ethnicity, 3) Immigrant status, 4) Education level, 5) Socioeconomic status, 6) Infant sex, 7) Initiation of prenatal care, 8) Parity, 9) Time between wave III interview and conception, 10) Relationship type at wave III | Respondent self-report on Wave IV questionnaire | Gestational age & offspring birthweight | 7 |
Oostingh et al. 2019 [83] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] Rotterdam Periconception Cohort (PREDICT Study) (Hospital-based) 2010–2016 | Pregnant couples (Males [N = 638]) | Paternal self-report on baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) before 8 weeks of gestation | Diet—Habitual food intake and dietary patterns in a four week period during periconception being 14 weeks before and up to 10 weeks following conception | 1) Gestational age, 2) Maternal and paternal total energy intake, 3) Maternal and paternal BMI, 4) Maternal age, 5) Maternal and paternal smoking, 6) Nulliparous, 7) Fetal gender | 1) Longitudinal crown-rump length (CRL), & 2) Embryonic volume (EV), via transvaginal ultrasound, at 7, 9 and 11 weeks of gestation | First trimester embryonic growth | 6 |
Twigt et al. 2012 [84] | The Netherlands | Cohort [Prospective] ‘Achieving a Healthy Pregnancy’ (AHP) (Hospital-based) 2007–2010 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 199]) with IVF treatment and embryo transfer within 6 months after AHP | Paternal self-report on baseline questionnaire | Diet –Main food groups 1)Whole wheat 2) Unsaturated oils 3) Vegetables 4) Fruits 5) Meat 6) Fish | 1)Maternal age 2) Maternal smoking 3)Preconception Dietary Risk Score [PDR] of the partner 4) Maternal and Paternal BMI | A pregnancy with positive fetal heart action at around 10 weeks after embryo transfer confirmed by ultrasonography | IVF/ICSI induced ongoing pregnancy | 5 |
Wesselink et al. 2016 [85] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Preconception pregnancy planner cohort study online (PRESTO) 2013–2017 | Couples attempting pregnancy (Males N = 662) | Paternal self-report on food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline | Diet – Caffeinated beverages; approximate servings per week | 1) Age, 2) race/ethnicity, 3) education, 4) BMI, 5) smoking history, 6) alcohol intake, 7) intercourse frequency, 8) sleep duration, 9) work time | Time to pregnancy (TTP) [(menstrual cycles of attempt time at baseline) + [(LMP date from most recent follow-up questionnaire—date of baseline questionnaire)/cycle length] + 1] | Fecundability | 6 |
Xia et al. 2016 [86] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Environment and Reproductive Health Study [EARTH] 2007–2014 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 142]) undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles (n = 248) | Paternal self-report on baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Diet—Dairy intake in the previous 12 months | 1) Age, 2) BMI, 3) Smoking status, 4) Total exercise time, 5) Dietary patterns, 6) Alcohol, 7) Caffeine, 8) Total energy intake, 9) Female dairy intake, 10) Female age, 11) Prudent dietary pattern, 12) Western dietary pattern | 1) Fertilization rate, 2) Implantation rate, 3) Clinical pregnancy rate & 4) Live birth rate per initiated cycle | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 7 |
Xia et al. 2015 [87] | USA | Cohort [Prospective] Environment and Reproductive Health Study [EARTH] 2007–2014 | Subfertile couples (Males [N = 141]) undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles (n = 246) | Paternal self-report on baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) | Diet—Meat intake in the previous 12 months | 1) Age, 2) Total energy intake, 3) BMI, 4) Alcohol, 5) Caffeine, 6) Prudent dietary pattern, 7) Western dietary pattern, 8) Infertility diagnoses, 9) Mode of insemination, 10) Female meat intake | 1) Fertilization rate, 2) Implantation rate, 3) Clinical pregnancy rate & 4) Live birth rate per initiated cycle | IVF/ICSI induced live birth | 7 |