From: Eating speed and abdominal adiposity in middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional study in Vietnam
Characteristics | All participants (n = 3000) | Eating speed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slow (n = 502) | Normal (n = 1425) | Fast (n = 1073) | |||
Age, mean [standard deviation] | 48.7 [5.5] | 49.3 [5.8] | 48.8 [5.5] | 48.3 [5.4] | |
Sex (men) | 1160 (38.7) | 154 (30.7) | 535 (37.5) | 471 (43.9) | |
Body mass index | |||||
18.5- | 139 (4.6) | 40 (8.0) | 69 (4.8) | 30 (2.8) | |
18.5–24.9 | 2083 (69.4) | 364 (72.5) | 1008 (70.7) | 711 (66.3) | |
≥ 25 | 778 (25.9) | 98 (19.5) | 348 (24.4) | 332 (30.9) | |
Education | |||||
Primary school | 352 (11.7) | 60 (12.0) | 169 (11.9) | 123 (11.5) | |
Secondary school | 863 (28.8) | 126 (25.1) | 416 (29.2) | 321 (29.9) | |
High school | 1068 (35.6) | 184 (36.7) | 495 (34.7) | 389 (36.3) | |
Tertiary study | 717 (23.9) | 132 (26.3) | 345 (24.2) | 240 (22.4) | |
Married | 2691 (89.7) | 427 (85.1) | 1278 (89.7) | 986 (91.9) | |
Occupation | |||||
Government employee | 295 (9.8) | 43 (8.6) | 137 (9.6) | 115 (10.7) | |
Non-government employee | 483 (16.1) | 80 (15.9) | 212 (14.9) | 191 (17.8) | |
Self-employed | 595 (19.8) | 103 (20.5) | 263 (18.5) | 229 (21.3) | |
Farmer/fisherman | 870 (29.0) | 141 (28.1) | 415 (29.1) | 314 (29.3) | |
Others | 757 (25.2) | 135 (26.9) | 398 (27.9) | 224 (20.9) | |
Household income | |||||
Low tertile | 1087 (36.2) | 181 (36.1) | 543 (38.1) | 363 (33.8) | |
Middle tertile | 930 (31.0) | 154 (30.7) | 439 (30.8) | 337 (31.4) | |
High tertile | 983 (32.8) | 167 (33.3) | 443 (31.1) | 373 (34.8) | |
Smoking | |||||
Non-smoker | 2036 (67.9) | 365 (72.7) | 1000 (70.2) | 671 (62.5) | |
Ex-smoker | 350 (11.7) | 57 (11.4) | 140 (9.8) | 153 (14.3) | |
Current smoker | 614 (20.5) | 80 (15.9) | 285 (20.0) | 249 (23.2) | |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Non-drinker | 2114 (70.5) | 381 (75.9) | 1039 (72.9) | 694 (64.7) | |
Drinker consuming | |||||
< 1 standard drink/day | 416 (13.9) | 59 (11.8) | 187 (13.1) | 170 (15.8) | |
1-1.9 standard drink/day | 201 (6.7) | 25 (5.0) | 99 (6.9) | 77 (7.2) | |
≥ 2 standard drink/day | 269 (9.0) | 37 (7.4) | 100 (7.0) | 132 (12.3) | |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | |||||
Low | 1030 (34.3) | 142 (28.3) | 565 (39.6) | 323 (30.1) | |
Middle | 975 (32.5) | 170 (33.9) | 463 (32.5) | 342 (31.9) | |
High | 995 (33.2) | 190 (37.8) | 397 (27.9) | 408 (38.0) | |
Sleeping hours per day | |||||
< 6 | 485 (16.2) | 77 (15.3) | 227 (15.9) | 181 (16.9) | |
6-6.9 | 669 (22.3) | 123 (24.5) | 318 (22.3) | 228 (21.2) | |
7-7.9 | 915 (30.5) | 147 (29.3) | 441 (30.9) | 327 (30.5) | |
8-8.9 | 613 (20.4) | 112 (22.3) | 294 (20.6) | 207 (19.3) | |
≥ 9 | 318 (10.6) | 43 (8.6) | 145 (10.3) | 130 (12.1) | |
Adding sugar to beverages (yes) | 1088 (36.3) | 177 (35.3) | 469 (32.9) | 442 (41.2) | |
Consumption of soft drink (yes) | 454 (15.1) | 85 (16.9) | 198 (13.9) | 171 (15.9) | |
Fruit/vegetable [serving/day] † | 2.0 [1.9] | 2.0 [1.8] | 1.7 [1.4] | 2.0 [1.8] | |
Rice consumption [bowl/day] † | 4.0 [3.0] | 4.0 [4.0] | 4.0 [3.0] | 4.0 [3.0] | |
Meat consumption [gram/day] † | 82.9 [100.0] | 85.0 [100.0] | 80.0 [94.3] | 85.7 [122.9] | |
Using antidiabetic medication (yes) | 93 (3.1) | 13 (2.6) | 47 (3.3) | 33 (3.1) | |
History of diseases of the circulatory system (yes) | 51 (1.7) | 9 (1.8) | 27 (1.9) | 15 (1.4) | |
History of cancer (yes) | 18 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 8 (0.6) | 8 (0.7) |