Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants by country (n = 167,017)
From: Factors associated with anemia among children in South and Southeast Asia: a multilevel analysis
Study variables | Bangladesh (DHS 2011) | Cambodia (DHS 2014) | India (NFHS 2016) | Maldives (DHS 2016/17) | Myanmar (DHS 2015) | Nepal (DHS 2016) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | N = 1937 |  N = 3310 | 155,393 |  N = 1696 | 2934 |  N = 1747 |
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Individual-level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Child-level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex of child | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 1016 (52.5) | 1695 (50.9) | 81,869 (52.9) | 885 (52.9) | 1498 (50.8) | 926 (52.5) |
Female | 921 (47.5) | 1615 (49) | 73,524 (47.1) | 811 (47) | 1436 (49.2) | 821 (47.5) |
Child age (months) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
6–11 | 214 (10.7) | 361 (10.4) | 15,181 (9.8) | 146 (9.6) | 276 (9.1) | 164 (9.4) |
12–23 | 405 (21.2) | 801 (24.3) | 34,207 (22.1) | 374 (21.3) | 639 (21.6) | 410 (23.4) |
24–35 | 393 (19.6) | 766 (23.2) | 34,907 (22.3) | 363 (20.7) | 671 (22) | 401 (22.5) |
36–47 | 492 (25.3) | 706 (22.1) | 36,995 (23.7) | 441 (25.1) | 730 (24.9) | 407 (22.9) |
48–59 | 433 (23.0) | 676 (19.9) | 34,103 (21.9) | 372 (23.1) | 618 (22.2) | 365 (21.2) |
Recent fever | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1162 (61.6) | 2393 (70) | 134,160 (86.3) | 1343 (76) | 2354 (82.7) | 1358 (77.3) |
Yes | 775 (38.3) | 917 (29.9) | 21,120 (13.6) | 353 (23.9) | 579 (17.2) | 389 (22.6) |
Recent diarrhea |  |  | (n = 155,249) | (n = 1695) |  | (n = 1741) |
No | 1825 (94.7) | 2907 (87) | 141,232 (90.8) | 1616 (95.5) | 2560 (88.7) | 1619 (92.6) |
Yes | 112 (5.2) | 401 (13) | 14,017 (9.1) | 79 (4.4) | 374 (11.3) | 122 (7.3) |
Children stunted | (n = 1900) | (n = 3244) | (n = 154,743) | (n = 1650) | (n = 2897) | (n = 1741) |
Not stunted | 1118 (58.7) | 2146 (66.4) | 94,365 (60.9) | 1407 (84.7) | 1669 (69.9) | 1089 (62.8) |
Stunted | 782 (41.2) | 1101 (33.5) | 60,378 (39.1) | 243 (15.2) | 928 (30.1) | 652 (37.1) |
Children underweight | (n = 1900) | (n = 3247) | (n = 154,743) | (n = 1685) | (n = 2898) | (n = 1746) |
Not underweight | 1193 (62.8) | 2460 (74.7) | 101,288 (64.2) | 1431 (84.3) | 2333 (79.6) | 1258 (72.1) |
Underweight | 707 (37.2) | 787 (25.2) | 53,455 (35.8) | 254 (15.6) | 565 (20.3) | 488 (27.9) |
Children wasted | (n = 1900) | (n = 3247) | (n = 154,743) | (n = 1644) | (n = 2886) | (n = 1742) |
Not wasted | 1577 (82.8) | 2944 (90.6) | 124,061 (79.6) | 1488 (90.6) | 2698 (92.9) | 1572 (90.3) |
Wasted | 323 (17.1) | 303 (9.3) | 30,682 (20.3) | 156 (9.3) | 188 (7) | 170 (9.6) |
Mothers and household-level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mothers age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15–24 | 916 (48.6) | 855 (26.2) | 47,015 (32.5) | 225 (12.1) | 489 (16.5) | 716 (40.2) |
25–34 | 822 (41.6) | 1892 (56.7) | 90,613 (57.8) | 1080 (63) | 1493 (51.6) | 855 (49) |
35–49 | 197 (9.6) | 563 (17) | 17,765 (9.6) | 391 (24.8) | 952 (31.8) | 176 (10.7) |
Mothers education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No education | 348 (18.8) | 454 (13.1) | 45,698 (28.2) | 25 (1.3) | 447 (14.5) | 571 (33.9) |
Primary | 622 (32.2) | 1685 (54.9) | 22,055 (13.7) | 360 (19.4) | 1355 (48.2) | 316 (18.8) |
Secondary or above | 967 (48.9) | 1171 (31.9) | 87,640 (58) | 1311 (79.1) | 1132 (37.1) | 860 (47.1) |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | 422 (23.2) | 764 (24) | 38,286 (23.7) | 512 (23.9) | 877 (29.4) | 423 (19.7) |
Poor | 374 (19.9) | 624 (20.1) | 35,747 (21.4) | 510 (24.8) | 661 (22.5) | 392 (22.5) |
Middle | 361 (19.12) | 540 (19.5) | 31,306 (19.8) | 488 (24.7) | 546 (17.7) | 367 (22) |
Richer | 371 (19.67) | 603 (17.5) | 27,024 (18.9) | 147 (16.1) | 508 (17.1) | 350 (21.7) |
Richest | 409 (18.04) | 779 (18.7) | 23,030 (16) | 39 (10.3) | 342 (13.2) | 215 (13.9) |
Maternal anemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not anemic | 1117 (56.8) | 1866 (55.2) | 69,861 (43.6) | 702 (38.1) | 1691 (57.1) | 990 (55.5) |
Anemic | 820 (43.1) | 1444 (44.7) | 85,532 (56.3) | 994 (61.9) | 1243 (42.8) | 757 (44.4) |
Community-level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 611 (22.9) | 891 (14.1 | 38,726 (29.1) | 102 (25.7) | 613 (22.1) | 988 (53.4) |
Rural | 1326 (77.1) | 2419 (85.9) | 116,667 (70.9) | 1594 (74.3) | 2321 (77.1) | 759 (46.5) |
Community maternal anemia a | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 963 (48.1) | 1652 (47.2) | 74,851 (46.5) | 920 (49.9) | 1416 (47.4) | 935 (50.2) |
High | 974 (51.9) | 1658 (52.7) | 80,542 (53.4) | 778 (50.1) | 1518 (52.5) | 812 (49.2) |
Community parity b | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1274 (66.7) | 2068 (63.5) | 96,893 (66.7) | 814 (58.8) | 1769 (68.6) | 1041 (59.8) |
High | 663 (33.2) | 1242 (36.5) | 58,500 (33.2) | 882 (41.1) | 1165 (31.3) | 706 (40.1) |
Community wealth c | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1028 (49.6) | 1790 (52.1) | 75,191 (50.9) | 734 (55.3) | 1378 (49.1) | 975 (61.2) |
High | 909 (50.3) | 1520 (47.9) | 80,202 (49) | 962 (44.6) | 1556 (50.9) | 772 (36.7) |
Community female education d | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 833 (45.1) | 1905 (62.5) | 75,800 (46.7) | 710 (39.2) | 1626 (58.3) | 847 (51.4) |
High | 1104 (54.8) | 1405 (37.4) | 79,593 (53.2) | 986 (60.7) | 1308 (41.6) | 900 (48.5) |
Community safe water access e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1739 (90.9) | - | 97,042 (65) | 1213 (56.9) | 1772 (59.7) | 1206 (71.8) |
High | 198 (9.1) | - | 58,351 (34.9) | 483 (43.1) | 1162 (40.3) | 541 (28.1) |
Community toilet facility f | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1073 (54.4) | 1716 (48) | 79,454 (49.6) | 1575 (93.6) | 1429 (44) | 1237 (63.6) |
High | 864 (45.5) | 1594 (51.9) | 75,939 (50.3) | 121 (6.3) | 1505 (55.9) | 510 (36.3) |