Table 2 Coping Behaviours (Time 2) and Parameter Estimates for Change in Depression, Anxiety, Psychosocial Well-being, and Emotion Regulation among adolescents from before (2019) to early COVID-19 lockdown (2020) by coping behaviours

Social

Staying connected with friends online

2817 (78.8)

-0.34

[-0.73, 0.05]

0.086

-0.24

[-0.6, 0.11]

0.174

1.22

[0.89, 1.55]

< 0.0001

-0.45

[-0.77, -0.13]

0.006

Meeting up with friends outside

1198 (33.5)

-0.29

[-0.63, 0.05]

0.100

-0.15

[-0.45, 0.16]

0.346

0.54

[0.25, 0.84]

0.000

0.03

[-0.26, 0.31]

0.856

Spending time with family

2095 (58.6)

-1.95

[-2.29, -1.60]

< 0.0001

-1.22

[-1.53, -0.91]

< 0.0001

1.52

[1.22, 1.81]

< 0.0001

-1.09

[-1.38, -0.81]

< 0.0001

Substance Use

Cannabis

157 (4.4)

-0.31

[-1.18, 0.57]

0.490

-1.02

[-1.81, -0.23]

0.012

0.15

[-0.59, 0.89]

0.691

-0.06

[-0.78, 0.66]

0.863

Alcohol

321 (9.0)

1.01

[0.40, 1.62]

0.001

0.81

[0.26, 1.36]

0.004

-0.71

[-1.23, -0.20]

0.007

0.38

[-0.13, 0.88]

0.143

Cigarettes

43 (1.2)

-1.05

[-2.63, 0.53]

0.194

-0.16

[-1.58, 1.26]

0.826

-1.5

[-2.83, -0.18]

0.026

-0.15

[-1.44, 1.14]

0.819

Vaping

247 (6.9)

0.2

[-0.51, 0.92]

0.582

1

[0.36, 1.65]

0.002

0.19

[-0.42, 0.80]

0.536

0.21

[-0.38, 0.80]

0.493

Emotional Eating

Eating junk food

1034 (28.9)

0.82

[0.45, 1.19]

< 0.0001

0.73

[0.39, 1.07]

< 0.0001

-0.51

[-0.82, -0.19]

0.002

0.81

[0.50, 1.12]

< 0.0001

Passive Screen

Video games, TV/movies, internet/social media

2724 (76.2)

0.16

[-0.24, 0.55]

0.439

-0.04

[-0.39, 0.32]

0.837

-0.43

[-0.76, -0.10]

0.011

0.02

[-0.30, 0.35]

0.882

Hobbies and the Arts

Reading, writing, music, or arts & crafts

1747 (48.8)

0.14

[-0.21, 0.49]

0.428

0.16

[-0.15, 0.48]

0.314

-0.11

[-0.41, 0.19]

0.472

0.26

[-0.02, 0.55]

0.072

Learning something new

976 (27.3)

-0.01

[-0.39, 0.36]

0.947

0.17

[-0.17, 0.51]

0.328

0.45

[0.13, 0.77]

0.005

-0.09

[-0.40, 0.21]

0.547

Cooking/baking

1762 (49.3)

-0.15

[-0.49, 0.20]

0.407

-0.07

[-0.38, 0.24]

0.654

-0.05

[-0.34, 0.25]

0.754

-0.05

[-0.33, 0.24]

0.753

Spending time with pet

1527 (42.7)

0

[-0.32, 0.33]

0.986

0.02

[-0.27, 0.32]

0.879

-0.06

[-0.33, 0.22]

0.694

0.2

[-0.07, 0.47]

0.145

Caring for Others

Trying to help others

825 (23.1)

0.24

[-0.15, 0.63]

0.226

0.38

[0.02, 0.73]

0.036

0.83

[0.50, 1.16]

< 0.0001

-0.12

[-0.44, 0.19]

0.446

Spirituality and Mindfulness

Meditating or praying

364 (10.2)

0.45

[-0.09, 0.98]

0.104

0.47

[-0.01, 0.96]

0.057

0.28

[-0.18, 0.73]

0.232

-0.25

[-0.70, 0.19]

0.261

Structured Lifestyle Behaviours

Getting exercise

2332 (65.2)

-0.22

[-0.58, 0.13]

0.216

-0.04

[-0.36, 0.28]

0.793

0.33

[0.03, 0.63]

0.032

0.07

[-0.22, 0.37]

0.612

Keeping to a regular schedule

1364 (38.1)

-0.85

[-1.19, -0.51]

< 0.0001

-0.36

[-0.67, -0.06]

0.020

0.48

[0.2, 0.77]

0.001

-0.36

[-0.64, -0.08]

0.011

Studying or schoolwork

2540 (71.0)

-0.2

[-0.59, 0.18]

0.300

-0.18

[-0.53, 0.17]

0.306

0.34

[0.01, 0.67]

0.041

-0.19

[-0.50, 0.13]

0.238

Formal Supports

Mental health professionals

120 (3.4)

2.63

[1.76, 3.51]

< 0.0001

2.15

[1.36, 2.93]

< 0.0001

-1.34

[-2.08, -0.61]

0.000

1.74

[1.03, 2.45]

< 0.0001

Time Alone

Spending time alone

2080 (58.1)

1.75

[1.41, 2.09]

< 0.0001

0.66

[0.35, 0.96]

< 0.0001

-1.41

[-1.69, -1.12]

< 0.0001

0.87

[0.60, 1.15]

< 0.0001