Table 3 Multivariate negative binomial regression models^† on stigma in the context of COVID-19 (N_Participants = 4,059)

Vignette characteristics

  Diagnosis: COVID-19 (Ref. Flu)

IRR

1.923

1.203

1.248

1.469

1.258

1.182

1.233

p

.000***

.007**

.000***

.000***

.000***

.020*

.000***

q

.001**

.014*

.001**

.001**

.001**

.032*

.001**

  Precipitating event: Visited friend (Ref. Blank)

IRR

1.787

1.828

1.690

1.724

1.511

1.540

1.570

p

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

  Quarantine instruction: Violated (Ref. Followed)

IRR

1.256

1.638

1.768

2.069

1.462

1.790

1.573

p

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

  Belonging to risk group: Yes (Ref. No)

IRR

1.025

1.007

1.024

1.025

1.108

1.043

.994

p

.413

.923

.566

.513

.022*

.556

.907

q

.367

.591

.445

.421

.033*

.442

.588

  Risk area: Yes (Ref. No)

IRR

1.025

1.081

1.076

1.060

1.072

1.056

1.004

p

.416

.259

.069

.128

.121

.447

.941

q

.368

.259

.086

.144

.136

.390

.594

  Gender: Female (Ref. Male)

IRR

.949

.851

.915

.927

.878

.811

.892

p

.084

.020*

.029*

.049*

.004**

.004**

.041*

q

.102

.031*

.041*

.063

.008**

.008**

.056

  Age: Old (Ref. Young)

IRR

1.003

.977

1.058

.994

1.063

.945

1.045

p

.913

.735

.164

.883

.171

.428

.426

q

.588

.515

.177

.588

.184

.375

.375

  Origin: Foreigner (Ref. Local)

IRR

.985

1.037

.946

.946

.969

.901

.963

p

.626

.600

.168

.145

.484

.146

.497

q

.483

.466

.181

.159

.411

.159

.413

Familiarity indicators

  Self-reported COVID-19 knowledge

IRR

1.359

1.403

1.347

1.738

1.349

1.314

1.430

p

.000***

.085

.009**

.000***

.016*

.177

.027*

q

.001**

.102

.016*

.001**

.026*

.189

.039*

  COVID-19 knowledge test

IRR

.671

.179

.653

.623

.425

.149

.315

p

.000***

.000***

.001**

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.004**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

  Vicarious experience (Ref. None)

IRR

1.049

1.043

1.183

1.185

1.133

1.383

1.248

p

.363

.730

.017*

.010*

.109

.009**

.022*

q

.345

.515

.027*

.019*

.126

.016*

.033*

Further respondent characteristics

  Female (Ref. Male)

IRR

.883

.723

.876

.970

.919

.745

.742

p

.000***

.000***

.001**

.429

.060

.000***

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.003**

.375

.075

.001**

.001**

  Age

IRR

.993

.991

.994

.991

.995

.999

.993

p

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.000***

.741

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.001**

.515

.001**

Anonymity perceptions

IRR

1.002

.913

.960

1.002

.977

.882

.944

p

.870

.001***

.009**

.877

.175

.000***

.009**

q

.588

.002**

.017*

.588

.188

.001**

.017*

Constant

IRR

2.321

6.154

2.299

1.475

2.962

6.360

4.928

p

.000***

.000***

.000***

.012*

.000***

.000***

.000***

q

.001**

.001**

.001**

.021*

.001**

.001**

.001**