Table 3 Epidemiological and socio-cultural profile of alcohol consumption among Indigenous peoples in Colombia

L

Harmonies (balance) (+)

Disharmonies (unbalance) (-)

Harmonies (balance) (+)

L

AP

Cultural processes

Social consequences

Destructive processes

Protective processes

GD

DSM: cosmogony and cosmovision; own education and medicine.

DAS: religious and spiritual influence

BTI: globalization: transculturation and interculturality.

DSM: poverty; food insecurity; armed conflict; globalization (westernization); weaknesses in health and education; lack of qualifications and job opportunities; extractivism; history of chicha (fermented drink) prohibition; homogenizing political management; socio-ideological and economic control.

DAS: religious and educational influence

BTI: colonization; globalization: transculturation, interculturality

DSM: historical self-sufficiency; their government; legalization of Indigenous reservations.

BTI: globalization (educational and employment opportunities).

SG

Cultural practices

Multifunctionality

Social consequences

Destructive processes

Protective processes

PD

DSM: prevention with ancestral knowledge and care; application of traditional norms due to excessive drinking; stop drinking alcohol due to evangelical conversion; consumption in ritual celebrations; convert negative energies into positive ones.

BTI: enrichment with other rural and urban cultures; preparation of chicha at home; demand and transmission of ancestral values; preservation of daily memory; a new generation of women do not accept mistreatment; cultural mixtures and celebrations; a combination of traditional and western medicine.

DAS/ PNA: harmonies by evangelical conversion; no waste of money; women do not suffer physical violence; no infidelity, more family time; women tell a different story.

PNA: sacred, occupational, integration, profit-seeking, revitalizing culture, and food functions in ethnic groups.

DSM: precarious rural and urban housing; poor nutrition; forced displacement; loss of territories and cultures; school dropout; predominance of working-class in Indigenous ethnic groups in rural and urban; limited healthy activities sponsored by the alcohol industry; consumerism in general and drinking of industrialized alcoholic beverages.

DAS: disruptive state norms in education and child-rearing, loss of authority; loss of the way in family roles; parents’ fear; leaders who facilitate alcohol drinking in the community and do not set an example; little attention, discussion, and follow-up; a contradiction in compliance with gender and generation equity norms; authoritarian or permissive education; preventive approach without the Indigenous context in universities; increased drinking in Catholic rituals; history of persecution of Indigenous evangelicals; questioned ancestral powers.

BTI: from solidarity to individualism; loss of a sense of chicha in rituals, food, and work; cultural uprooting; loss of identity and sense of belonging; lack of agreements between cultures that influence drinking. High drinking in rural areas with an increase in urban areas in marginal conditions.

PNA: alcohol abuse due to considering it part of the culture; beginning drinking at an early age; displacement tensions; and not being conditioned to having economic resources for its acquisition. Loss of income and forgetfulness of family and work responsibilities; infidelity; gambling; theft; poor community support if it is due to drunkenness; predominance of reports of drunkenness. Intra-family violence, among women, men, and children, increases with displacement. Mistreatment of women as something natural; single mothers and widows; separation from partners and threats for reporting them to the authorities; economic dependence on their partners as another form of violence. Multiple disharmonies in children of parents with abusive drinking. Prostitution, sexual abuse. Disability due to accidents, deaths by suicide, and accidents on roads and bridges.

BTI: displaced women not beaten by alcoholic partners and openness to new roles; work and study for young people (globalization).

PNA: community efforts to reduce alcohol excess; no community problems; higher education opportunities.

I

Individual consequences

Destructive processes

Protective processes

ID

PNA: type of abusive drinking and their subjective drinking patterns; alcoholism; people who drink for no reason; use of other drugs; drunken breastfeeding; women with feelings of sadness and fear; loss of identity, beginning sexual relations, and pregnancy at an early age, following Western stereotypes.

PNA: type of low drinking and non-drinking and their subjective drinking patterns; being calm; self-control, the consciousness of the damage generated; recovering cognitive skills, writing books, obtaining a degree, and specialization.