Table 1 Baseline characteristics of population with different VAI levels

Age (year)

38.03 ± 18.82

44.30 ± 19.74

45.62 ± 19.14

49.19 ± 16.38

< 0.0001

Male (n, %)

607 (54.73%)

546 (49.23%)

505 (45.54%)

517 (46.58%)

0.0003

BMI (kg/m²)

24.95 ± 5.21

27.95 ± 6.71

30.64 ± 7.54

32.34 ± 7.10

< 0.0001

SBP (mmHg)

117.16 ± 16.32

119.48 ± 17.03

120.90 ± 18.36

122.12 ± 16.10

< 0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

70.17 ± 10.99

72.34 ± 10.98

74.03 ± 11.48

76.37 ± 11.25

< 0.0001

HR (bpm)

66.18 ± 11.10

66.96 ± 10.93

68.76 ± 10.84

70.37 ± 11.96

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

86.74 ± 13.87

95.69 ± 16.02

102.79 ± 17.63

107.76 ± 15.54

< 0.0001

Hip circumference (cm)

99.43 ± 11.05

104.80 ± 13.53

109.41 ± 15.00

112.07 ± 14.54

< 0.0001

Smoking (n, %)

342 (30.84%)

354 (31.92%)

425 (38.32%)

501 (45.14%)

< 0.0001

Drinking (n, %)

111 (10.01%)

123 (11.09%)

137 (12.35%)

136 (12.25%)

0.0982

Physical activity

0.0048

 Mild work (n, %)

427 (38.50%)

423 (38.14%)

430 (38.77%)

415 (37.39%)

 Moderate work (n, %)

426 (38.41%)

425 (38.32%)

423 (38.14%)

455 (40.99%)

 Vigorous work (n, %)

256 (23.08%)

261 (23.53%)

256 (23.08%)

240 (21.62%)

VAI

0.49 ± 0.13

0.93 ± 0.14

1.51 ± 0.23

3.58 ± 2.78

< 0.0001

Hypertension (n, %)

231 (20.83%)

317 (28.58%)

408 (36.79%)

498 (44.86%)

< 0.0001

Hyperlipidemia (n, %)

189 (17.04%)

293 (26.42%)

370 (33.36%)

527 (47.48%)

< 0.0001

Diabetes (n, %)

57 (5.14%)

107 (9.65%)

165 (14.88%)

273 (24.59%)

< 0.0001

Stroke (n, %)

32 (2.89%)

37 (3.34%)

58 (5.23%)

52 (4.68%)

0.0374

CKD (n, %)

25 (2.25%)

31 (2.80%)

43 (3.88%)

52 (4.68%)

0.007

Race (n, %)

< 0.0001

 Mexican American

101 (9.11%)

140 (12.62%)

165 (14.88%)

194 (17.48%)

 Other Hispanic

78 (7.03%)

116 (10.46%)

112 (10.10%)

138 (12.43%)

 Non-Hispanic White

325 (29.31%)

346 (31.20%)

376 (33.90%)

445 (40.09%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

408 (36.79%)

315 (28.40%)

260 (23.44%)

127 (11.44%)

 Other Race: Including Multi-Racial

197 (17.76%)

192 (17.31%)

196 (17.67%)

206 (18.56%)

WBC (10⁹/L)

6.03 ± 1.88

6.49 ± 1.72

6.98 ± 2.10

7.52 ± 2.07

< 0.0001

Neutrophil (10⁹/L)

3.46 ± 1.61

3.74 ± 1.38

4.07 ± 1.56

4.46 ± 1.65

< 0.0001

Hb (g/L)

14.18 ± 1.43

14.29 ± 1.49

14.28 ± 1.41

14.42 ± 1.47

0.0007

PLT (10⁹/L)

232.01 ± 55.48

244.82 ± 63.69

250.53 ± 64.15

250.12 ± 59.15

< 0.0001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.55 ± 0.74

5.73 ± 1.13

5.96 ± 1.33

6.70 ± 2.59

< 0.0001

HbA1c (%)

5.32 ± 0.49

5.49 ± 0.66

5.65 ± 0.78

6.00 ± 1.29

< 0.0001

TG (mmol/L)

0.53 ± 0.15

0.82 ± 0.20

1.15 ± 0.26

2.19 ± 1.40

< 0.0001

TC (mmol/L)

4.41 ± 0.94

4.59 ± 0.96

4.76 ± 1.07

5.08 ± 1.14

< 0.0001

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.73 ± 0.42

1.47 ± 0.35

1.30 ± 0.28

1.10 ± 0.22

< 0.0001

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.44 ± 0.75

2.74 ± 0.82

2.93 ± 0.92

3.01 ± 0.98

< 0.0001

Total protein (g/L)

71.24 ± 4.32

70.89 ± 4.16

71.10 ± 4.42

70.84 ± 4.11

0.0897

Albumin (g/L)

41.96 ± 3.26

41.00 ± 3.12

40.34 ± 3.38

40.06 ± 3.31

< 0.0001

Globulin (g/L)

29.28 ± 3.90

29.88 ± 4.07

30.76 ± 4.06

30.78 ± 3.99

< 0.0001

ALT (U/L)

18.29 ± 18.37

21.04 ± 15.35

22.04 ± 17.49

25.69 ± 17.21

< 0.0001

AST (U/L)

21.39 ± 14.37

21.73 ± 12.46

20.96 ± 11.79

21.96 ± 10.54

0.2395

ALP (U/L)

81.64 ± 56.36

82.88 ± 47.34

83.84 ± 41.54

80.95 ± 31.34

0.4266

γGT (U/L)

19.98 ± 22.77

28.09 ± 67.54

27.45 ± 32.27

33.54 ± 32.67

< 0.0001

LDH (U/L)

154.10 ± 36.11

156.46 ± 33.47

156.96 ± 29.95

154.08 ± 36.05

0.0883

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

9.66 ± 6.72

9.18 ± 5.79

8.26 ± 4.78

7.53 ± 4.07

< 0.0001

Creatinine (μmol/L)

74.10 ± 21.65

75.71 ± 28.50

74.87 ± 29.87

76.81 ± 44.43

0.2234

Uric acid (μmol/L)

291.47 ± 72.49

312.81 ± 76.08

330.40 ± 85.78

341.87 ± 85.82

< 0.0001

Glucose-lowering drugs (n, %)

39 (3.52%)

93 (8.39%)

135 (12.17%)

233 (20.99%)

< 0.0001

Antihypertensive drugs (n, %)

169 (15.24%)

235 (21.19%)

329 (29.67%)

383 (34.50%)

< 0.0001

Lipid-lowering drugs (n, %)

126 (11.36%)

169 (15.24%)

233 (21.01%)

307 (27.66%)

< 0.0001