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Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes in the QResearch and Ontario cohorts

From: Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes: a multinational cohort study of 20 million individuals from England and Canada

 

QResearch

Ontario

Whole

cohort

COVID-19

death

COVID-19

hospitalisation

COVID-19

ICU admission

Whole

cohort

COVID-19

death

COVID-19

hospitalisation

COVID-19

ICU admission

Subjects (N)

Age (yr)

9,828,099

11,597

21,917

2932

10,273,496

951

5132

1191

Mean (SD)

47.6 (18.8)

80.8 (11.7)

69.0 (18.0)

60.9 (13.8)

48.7 (18.5)

77.7 (12.9)

66.6 (18.0)

62.9 (14.1)

18-29

1,988,204 (20.2)

20 (0.2)

649 (3.0)

67 (2.3)

1,927,688 (18.8)

≤5 (≤0.5)

202 (3.9)

30 (2.5)

30-39

1,907,376 (19.4)

48 (0.4)

1067 (4.9)

160 (5.5)

1,764,197 (17.2)

6 (0.6)

260 (5.1)

44 (3.7)

40-49

1,620,268 (16.5)

125 (1.1)

1744 (8.0)

339 (11.6)

1,684,114 (16.4)

21 (2.2)

417 (8.1)

116 (9.7)

50-59

1,602,608 (16.3)

519 (4.5)

2881 (13.1)

711 (24.2)

1,834,451 (17.9)

53 (5.6)

815 (15.9)

263 (22.1)

60-69

1,196,452 (12.2)

1110 (9.6)

3402 (15.5)

822 (28.0)

1,509,133 (14.7)

152 (16.0)

992 (19.3)

336 (28.2)

70-79

922,198 (9.4)

2414 (20.8)

4401 (20.1)

611 (20.8)

973,829 (9.5)

206 (21.7)

980 (19.1)

262 (22.0)

80-89

471,167 (4.8)

4574 (39.4)

5485 (25.0)

204 (7.0)

464,253 (4.5)

332 (34.9)

1012 (19.7)

119 (10.0)

90-99

119,826 (1.2)

2787 (24.0)

2288 (10.4)

18 (0.6)

115,831 (1.1)

≥172 (≥18.1)

454 (8.8)

21 (1.8)

Sex

Female

4,934,876 (50.2)

5154 (44.4)

9694 (44.2)

917 (31.3)

5,301,576 (51.6)

435 (45.7)

2429 (47.3)

440 (36.9)

Male

4,893,223 (49.8)

6443 (55.6)

12,223 (55.8)

2015 (68.7)

4,971,920 (48.4)

516 (54.3)

2703 (52.7)

751 (63.1)

Ethnicity (3 levels)

General population a

7,160,034 (72.9)

8955 (77.2)

16,597 (75.7)

2167 (73.9)

9,180,377 (89.4)

850 (89.4)

4649 (90.6)

1042 (87.5)

South Asian

585,810 (6.0)

582 (5.0)

1825 (8.3)

353 (12.0)

454,694 (4.4)

58 (6.1)

273 (5.3)

72 (6.0)

Chinese

96,391 (1.0)

32 (0.3)

77 (0.4)

15 (0.5)

638,425 (6.2)

43 (4.5)

210 (4.1)

77 (6.5)

Not recorded

1,985,864 (20.2)

2028 (17.5)

3418 (15.6)

397 (13.5)

–

–

–

–

Ethnicity (5 levels)

White

6,264,009 (63.7)

8131 (70.1)

13,904 (63.4)

1603 (54.7)

–

–

–

–

Mixed

145,291 (1.5)

77 (0.7)

311 (1.4)

64 (2.2)

–

–

–

–

South Asian

585,810 (6.0)

582 (5.0)

1825 (8.3)

353 (12.0)

–

–

–

–

Black

407,604 (4.1)

550 (4.7)

1546 (7.1)

302 (10.3)

–

–

–

–

Other

439,521 (4.5)

229 (2.0)

913 (4.2)

213 (7.3)

–

–

–

–

Not recorded

1,985,864 (20.2)

2028 (17.5)

3418 (15.6)

397 (13.5)

–

–

–

–

Deprivation

Quintile 1 – Least deprived

2,217,549 (22.6)

2462 (21.2)

4128 (18.8)

474 (16.2)

2,496,985 (24.3)

124 (13.0)

812 (15.8)

174 (14.6)

Quintile 2

2,143,852 (21.8)

2489 (21.5)

4371 (19.9)

521 (17.8)

2,152,782 (21.0)

154 (16.2)

832 (16.2)

191 (16.0)

Quintile 3

1,941,638 (19.8)

2650 (22.9)

4570 (20.9)

621 (21.2)

1,897,167 (18.5)

187 (19.7)

961 (18.7)

219 (18.4)

Quintile 4

1,792,050 (18.2)

2107 (18.2)

4460 (20.3)

599 (20.4)

1,813,916 (17.7)

198 (20.8)

958 (18.7)

263 (22.1)

Quintile 5 – Most deprived

1,676,662 (17.1)

1860 (16.0)

4311 (19.7)

711 (24.2)

1,912,646 (18.6)

288 (30.3)

1569 (30.6)

344 (28.9)

Not recorded

56,348 (0.6)

29 (0.3)

77 (0.4)

6 (0.2)

–

–

–

–

Home type

Neither

9,749,068 (99.2)

8600 (74.2)

20,040 (91.4)

2884 (98.4)

–

–

–

–

Care home

60,971 (0.6)

2980 (25.7)

1819 (8.3)

37 (1.3)

67,212 (0.7)

334 (35.1)

862 (16.8)

92 (7.7)

Homeless

18,060 (0.2)

17 (0.1)

58 (0.3)

11 (0.4)

–

–

–

–

Household size

1 person

3,490,475 (35.5)

4556 (39.3)

9472 (43.2)

1169 (39.9)

–

–

–

–

2 people

2,532,390 (25.8)

2361 (20.4)

5409 (24.7)

792 (27.0)

–

–

–

–

3-5 people

3,277,375 (33.3)

1401 (12.1)

4509 (20.6)

801 (27.3)

–

–

–

–

6-9 people

388,358 (4.0)

634 (5.5)

994 (4.5)

135 (4.6)

–

–

–

–

10 or more

139,501 (1.4)

2645 (22.8)

1533 (7.0)

35 (1.2)

–

–

–

–

Body mass Index (kg/m2)

< 18.5

272,673 (2.8)

586 (5.1)

529 (2.4)

24 (0.8)

–

–

–

–

18.5-25

3,228,461 (32.8)

3728 (32.1)

5255 (24.0)

445 (15.2)

–

–

–

–

25-30

2,709,699 (27.6)

3401 (29.3)

6955 (31.7)

916 (31.2)

–

–

–

–

30-35

1,260,163 (12.8)

1739 (15.0)

4430 (20.2)

733 (25.0)

–

–

–

–

35-40

477,760 (4.9)

753 (6.5)

2012 (9.2)

397 (13.5)

–

–

–

–

≥ 40

239,768 (2.4)

394 (3.4)

1299 (5.9)

258 (8.8)

–

–

–

–

Not recorded

1,639,575 (16.7)

996 (8.6)

1437 (6.6)

159 (5.4)

–

–

–

–

Smoking

Non-smoker

5,619,707 (57.2)

6077 (52.4)

12,252 (55.9)

1667 (56.9)

–

–

–

–

Ex-smoker

2,064,126 (21.0)

4499 (38.8)

7722 (35.2)

1014 (34.6)

–

–

–

–

Current smoker

1,633,590 (16.6)

742 (6.4)

1655 (7.6)

226 (7.7)

–

–

–

–

Not recorded

510,676 (5.2)

279 (2.4)

288 (1.3)

25 (0.9)

–

–

–

–

Comorbidities

Asthma

1,342,685 (13.7)

1567 (13.5)

3749 (17.1)

482 (16.4)

1,607,620 (15.6)

178 (18.7)

1007 (19.6)

245 (20.6)

COPD

224,949 (2.3)

1578 (13.6)

2523 (11.5)

206 (7.0)

252,577 (2.5)

162 (17.0)

572 (11.1)

109 (9.2)

Hypertension

1,643,338 (16.7)

6941 (59.9)

10,876 (49.6)

1329 (45.3)

2,735,573 (26.6)

771 (81.1)

3269 (63.7)

713 (59.9)

Coronary heart disease

342,108 (3.5)

2640 (22.8)

3620 (16.5)

349 (11.9)

311,012 (3.0)

144 (15.1)

558 (10.9)

127 (10.7)

Stroke

208,496 (2.1)

2268 (19.6)

2736 (12.5)

137 (4.7)

81,829 (0.8)

70 (7.4)

277 (5.4)

42 (3.5)

Atrial fibrillation

234,637 (2.4)

2311 (19.9)

2863 (13.1)

162 (5.5)

179,709 (1.7)

162 (17.0)

567 (11.0)

87 (7.3)

Congestive cardiac failure

113,411 (1.2)

1519 (13.1)

1966 (9.0)

124 (4.2)

241,392 (2.3)

242 (25.4)

834 (16.3)

154 (12.9)

Diabetes

671,376 (6.8)

3593 (31.0)

6312 (28.8)

941 (32.1)

1,315,449 (12.8)

490 (51.5)

2062 (40.2)

510 (42.8)

Chronic kidney disease b

383,449 (3.9)

3839 (33.1)

5026 (22.9)

398 (13.6)

267,379 (2.6)

246 (25.9)

878 (17.1)

218 (18.3)

Severe mental illness

1,091,954 (11.1)

2038 (17.6)

3850 (17.6)

455 (15.5)

–

–

–

–

Parkinson’s disease

25,054 (0.3)

421 (3.6)

450 (2.1)

14 (0.5)

–

–

–

–

Epilepsy

130,251 (1.3)

409 (3.5)

726 (3.3)

71 (2.4)

–

–

–

–

Dementia

98,591 (1.0)

3733 (32.2)

2614 (11.9)

26 (0.9)

171,844 (1.7)

392 (41.2)

1129 (22.0)

109 (9.2)

Rare neurological diseases

29,814 (0.3)

122 (1.1)

201 (0.9)

22 (0.8)

–

–

–

–

Learning disability

174,757 (1.8)

615 (5.3)

967 (4.4)

95 (3.2)

–

–

–

–

Cerebral palsy

10,892 (0.1)

26 (0.2)

62 (0.3)

10 (0.3)

–

–

–

–

Pulmonary hypertension/fibrosis

16,820 (0.2)

227 (2.0)

316 (1.4)

24 (0.8)

–

–

–

–

Rheumatoid arthritis/SLE c

96,286 (1.0)

361 (3.1)

659 (3.0)

72 (2.5)

119,127 (1.2)

33 (3.5)

133 (2.6)

29 (2.4)

Liver cirrhosis/NAFLD

182,026 (1.9)

418 (3.6)

1097 (5.0)

185 (6.3)

53,399 (0.5)

24 (2.5)

115 (2.2)

29 (2.4)

Sickle cell disease

3546 (0.0)

7 (0.1)

36 (0.2)

9 (0.3)

2161 (0.0)

≤5 (≤0.5)

8 (0.2)

≤5 (≤0.4)

VTE/PVD

234,713 (2.4)

1669 (14.4)

2431 (11.1)

206 (7.0)

–

–

–

–

Cancer d

69,259 (0.7)

545 (4.7)

765 (3.5)

96 (3.3)

3,102,868 (30.2)

493 (51.8)

2251 (43.9)

462 (38.8)

Immunosuppression

116,317 (1.2)

544 (4.7)

1079 (4.9)

191 (6.5)

–

–

–

–

Transplant (marrow/solid)

11,202 (0.1)

58 (0.5)

160 (0.7)

44 (1.5)

13,599 (0.1)

6 (0.6)

41 (0.8)

15 (1.3)

Crohn’s/colitis

–

–

–

–

84,287 (0.8)

≤5 (≤0.5)

35 (0.7)

9 (0.8)

HIV

–

–

–

–

19,272 (0.2)

≤5 (≤0.5)

21 (0.4)

≤5 (≤0.4)

  1. aPeople not South Asian and Chinese - Ontario: approximately 80% White; QResearch; White, Other Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, and Other
  2. bChronic kidney disease stage 3-5 in QResearch. c Rheumatoid arthritis alone in Ontario cohort. d Blood/respiratory cancer in QResearch, all cancer types in Ontario cohort
  3. COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus; NAFLD – Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; VTE – venous thromboembolism; PVD – peripheral vascular disease; HIV – human immunodeficiency virus
  4. Cells less than 5 are suppressed