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Table 3 Univariable and multivariable associations between social determinants of health and TB incidence rates, stratified by country-income status

From: The social determinants of national tuberculosis incidence rates in 116 countries: a longitudinal ecological study between 2005–2015

 

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

IRR

p

95%CI

IRR

p

95%CI

HDI-within

 HUMICs

1.0024

0.689

0.9907, 1.0143

1.0009

0.874

0.9894, 1.0127

 LLMICs

0.9866

< .001

0.9801, 0.9932

0.9870

< .001

0.9796, 0.9944

HDI-between

 HUMICs

0.8966

< .001

0.8782, 0.9153

0.9382

< .001

0.9147, 0.9623

 LLMICs

0.9469

 < .001

0.9272, 0.9671

0.9721

0.010

0.9515, 0.9933

Public social protection expenditure-within

 HUMICs

1.0034

0.646

0.9888, 1.0183

1.0038

0.586

0.9902, 1.0176

 LLMICs

1.0022

0.428

0.9967, 1.0078

1.0021

0.573

0.9949, 1.0093

Public social protection expenditure-between

 HUMICs

0.9034

< .001

0.8827, 0.9246

0.9816

0.236

0.9520, 1.0122

 LLMICs

0.9197

0.061

0.8427, 1.0038

0.9379

0.047

0.8806, 0.999

Current health expenditure-within

 HUMICs

1.0045

0.647

0.9854, 1.024

0.9992

0.919

0.9833, 1.0153

 LLMICs

0.9987

0.731

0.9914, 1.006

1.0017

0.668

0.9941, 1.0093

Current health expenditure-between

 HUMICs

0.7788

< .001

0.7209, 0.8414

0.8931

< .001

0.8431, 0.9461

 LLMICs

0.9532

0.419

0.8486, 1.0707

0.9781

0.586

0.9032, 1.0592

Labour force participation rate-within

 HUMICs

1.0003

0.937

0.9931, 1.0075

1.0015

0.493

0.9971, 1.006

 LLMICs

1.0007

0.754

0.9964, 1.005

0.9991

0.671

0.9950, 1.0033

Labour force participation rate-between

 HUMICs

0.9692

0.004

0.9486, 0.9901

1.0048

0.378

0.9942, 1.0155

 LLMICs

1.0153

0.028

1.0016, 1.0292

0.9996

0.919

0.9909, 1.0083

Prevalence of undernourishment-within

 HUMICs

1.0023

0.369

0.9973, 1.0073

1.0012

0.612

0.9966, 1.0057

 LLMICs

1.0020

0.008

1.0005, 1.0035

0.9997

0.749

0.9978, 1.0016

Prevalence of undernourishment-between

 HUMICs

1.1248

< .001

1.1012, 1.1489

0.9809

0.337

0.9429, 1.0203

 LLMICs

1.0364

< .001

1.0179, 1.0552

1.0059

0.371

0.9930, 1.019

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS-within

 HUMICs

1.0076

0.090

0.9988, 1.0165

1.0128

< .001

1.0077, 1.018

 LLMICs

0.9998

0.932

0.9963, 1.0034

1.0000

0.980

0.9970, 1.003

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS-between

 HUMICs

1.0253

< .001

1.0171, 1.0335

1.0216

< .001

1.0131, 1.0301

 LLMICs

1.0130

< .001

1.0065, 1.0196

1.0076

< .001

1.0043, 1.0109

Prevalence of diabetes-within

 HUMICs

1.0107

0.097

0.9981, 1.0234

1.0140

0.012

1.0030, 1.0251

 LLMICs

1.0032

0.300

0.9971, 1.0094

1.0015

0.590

0.9961, 1.0068

Prevalence of diabetes-between

 HUMICs

1.0066

0.059

0.9998, 1.0135

0.9945

0.039

0.9893, 0.9997

 LLMICs

0.9961

0.478

0.9854, 1.0069

0.9990

0.688

0.9941, 1.0039

Prevalence of alcohol use disorder-within

 HUMICs

0.9936

0.841

0.9335, 1.0577

0.9980

0.935

0.9503, 1.0480

 LLMICs

0.9955

0.648

0.9762, 1.0151

0.9965

0.769

0.9734, 1.0201

Prevalence of alcohol use disorder-between

 HUMICs

1.0247

0.003

1.0085, 1.0411

1.0202

< .001

1.0083, 1.0323

 LLMICs

0.9844

0.503

0.9401, 1.0308

1.0160

0.393

0.9796, 1.0538

Prevalence of daily smoking-within

 HUMICs

0.9999

0.906

0.9983, 1.0015

0.9996

0.717

0.9975, 1.0017

 LLMICs

1.0005

0.548

0.9990, 1.0019

1.0004

0.540

0.9991, 1.0017

Prevalence of daily smoking-between

 HUMICs

0.9973

0.085

0.9941, 1.0004

1.0019

0.066

0.9999, 1.0039

 LLMICs

0.9966

0.009

0.9941, 0.9992

1.0007

0.604

0.9980, 1.0034

Out-of-pocket health expenditure-within

 HUMICs

1.0011

0.664

0.9963, 1.0059

1.0020

0.296

0.9983, 1.0057

 LLMICs

1.0006

0.343

0.9994, 1.0018

0.9999

0.933

0.9987, 1.0012

Out-of-pocket health expenditure-between

 HUMICs

1.0179

0.046

1.0003, 1.0358

1.0060

0.186

0.9971, 1.0149

 LLMICs

0.9947

0.294

0.9848, 1.0046

0.9977

0.431

0.9922, 1.0034

TB case detection rate-within

 HUMICs

1.0039

0.172

0.9983, 1.0096

1.0029

0.137

0.9991, 1.0067

 LLMICs

1.0013

0.062

0.9999, 1.0026

1.0009

0.171

0.9996, 1.0022

TB case detection rate-between

 HUMICs

0.9293

0.008

0.8806, 0.9807

0.9986

0.863

0.9828, 1.0147

 LLMICs

0.9760

< .001

0.964, 0.9882

0.9900

0.038

0.9806, 0.9994

Treatment success rate-within

 HUMICs

0.9997

0.403

0.9989, 1.0005

0.9997

0.433

0.9991, 1.0004

 LLMICs

1.0008

0.016

1.0001, 1.0014

1.0006

0.061

1, 1.0012

Treatment success rate-between

 HUMICs

1.0068

0.483

0.9878, 1.0262

1.0110

0.079

0.9988, 1.0233

 LLMICs

0.9622

< .001

0.9422, 0.9827

0.9809

0.013

0.9661, 0.996

Urbanicity-within

 HUMICs

1.0009

0.874

0.9896, 1.0123

1.0042

0.504

0.9919, 1.0167

 LLMICs

0.9979

0.763

0.9844, 1.0116

0.9976

0.684

0.9859, 1.0094

Urbanicity-between

 HUMICs

0.9700

< .001

0.9593, 0.9808

0.9946

0.126

0.9877, 1.0015

 LLMICs

0.9814

0.022

0.9657, 0.9973

0.9978

0.734

0.9852, 1.0106

  1. N° of observations for HUMICs = 748; N° of observations for LLMICs = 528
  2. Multivariable models controlled for time using year dummies, see Additional file 1: Appendix A.11 and A.12 for coefficients
  3. Bold numbers indicate statistical significance with an acceptable Type I error rate at 5%
  4. Abbreviations: SD Standard Deviation, CI Confidence Interval, IRR Incidence Rate Ratio, HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, HDI Human Development Index, TB Tuberculosis, HUMIC High- and Upper-Middle Income Country, LLMIC Low- and Lower-Middle Income Country
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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