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Table 2 Descriptive statistics of social determinants of health in 2005, 2015, and between 2005–2015

From: The social determinants of national tuberculosis incidence rates in 116 countries: a longitudinal ecological study between 2005–2015

 

2005

(N = 116; Obs = 116)

2015

(N = 116; Obs = 116)

2005–2015

(N = 116; Obs = 1,276)

 

Social determinants

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

SD-within

SD-between

pa

HDIb

        

< 0.001

 HUMIC

75.43

6.42

75.54

6.64

78.90

8.32

1.70

8.20

 

 LLMIC

45.48

7.47

46.56

8.88

53.08

9.73

2.37

9.53

 

Public social protection expenditure, % of GDP

        

< 0.001

 HUMIC

10.83

6.00

10.90

6.10

13.46

7.26

1.22

7.20

 

 LLMIC

4.05

2.74

4.31

3.13

4.86

3.89

1.46

3.58

 

Current health expenditure, % of GDP

        

< 0.001

 HUMIC

6.15

1.97

6.18

2.03

6.96

2.51

0.66

2.43

 

 LLMIC

5.97

2.67

6.00

2.63

5.24

2.33

0.87

2.18

 

Labour force participation rate, %c

        

< 0.001

 HUMIC

41.41

9.96

41.30

9.87

44.53

12.16

2.47

11.99

 

 LLMIC

55.57

15.10

54.89

15.40

50.27

14.08

2.44

14.00

 

Prevalence of undernourishment, %c

7.13

6.29

7.13

6.29

5.95

5.79

1.46

5.64

< 0.001

 HUMIC

24.06

10.40

23.14

10.46

19.90

11.08

3.16

10.72

 

 LLMIC

         

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS per 1,000

8.99

29.89

9.00

29.89

7.06

26.05

0.57

26.22

< 0.001

 HUMIC

19.33

24.13

19.26

24.58

16.63

29.86

2.34

30.06

 

 LLMIC

         

Prevalence of diabetes per 1,000

72.02

30.13

72.20

30.09

69.66

27.95

2.17

28.06

< 0.001

 HUMIC

58.84

16.65

59.70

17.59

66.24

18.79

2.17

18.84

 

 LLMIC

         

Prevalence of alcohol use disorder per 1,000

18.21

10.78

18.23

10.78

17.03

9.84

0.40

9.90

0.001

 HUMIC

12.06

4.64

12.05

4.61

12.79

5.84

0.37

5.89

 

 LLMIC

         

Prevalence of daily smoking per 1,000

172.32

72.60

171.41

72.41

175.50

65.51

8.44

65.40

< 0.001

 HUMIC

103.22

54.96

101.56

53.20

124.24

67.45

6.62

67.77

 

 LLMIC

         

Out-of-pocket health expenditure, % of current health expenditure

32.09

16.93

32.08

16.95

28.17

16.35

3.39

16.10

< 0.001

 HUMIC

44.77

20.03

43.88

20.25

44.02

19.39

4.94

18.93

 

 LLMIC

         

Case detection rate, % (all forms)

82.30

8.17

82.30

8.17

83.52

7.36

1.98

7.14

< 0.001

 HUMIC

55.38

16.10

56.19

15.37

56.78

16.93

4.93

16.35

 

 LLMIC

         

Treatment success rate, % (all new cases)

76.12

13.69

76.26

14.39

76.39

13.83

9.00

10.57

0.001

 HUMIC

81.68

8.64

82.25

7.93

82.51

10.67

5.51

9.22

 

 LLMIC

         

Urbanicity, %c

63.03

16.85

63.10

16.92

67.76

17.99

1.50

18.05

< 0.001

 HUMIC

32.28

11.94

32.99

12.68

39.45

14.68

1.61

14.73

 

 LLMIC

75.43

6.42

75.54

6.64

78.90

8.32

1.70

8.20

 
  1. Abbreviations: Obs Observations, SD Standard Deviation, HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, GDP Gross Domestic Product, TB Tuberculosis, HUMIC High- and Upper-Middle Income Country, LLMIC Low- and Lower-Middle Income Country
  2. ap-values describe strength of evidence against a null hypothesis of no difference between country income groups in a t-test
  3. bHDI values are multiplied by 100 to ease interpretation of results
  4. cPercentages refer to the total population