The social determinants of national tuberculosis incidence rates in 116 countries: a longitudinal ecological study between 2005–2015

Table 1 Social determinants of health identified from five public online data repositories and considered for inclusion in the study

Social determinant of health	Data source	Selected for analysis^a
Human Development Index^b	HDR	Included
Public social protection expenditure, % of GDP	ILO	Included
Current health expenditure, % of GDP	World Bank	Included
Labour force participation rate, % of total population aged 15–64	World Bank	Included
Under-five-mortality rate, per 1000 live births^c	World Bank	Highly correlated with Human Development Index and excluded
Population with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, %^c	World Bank	Highly correlated with Human Development Index and excluded
Population using basic drinking water sources, %^c	World Bank	Highly correlated with Human Development Index and excluded
Population using basic sanitation services, %^c	World Bank	Highly correlated with Human Development Index and excluded
Prevalence of undernourishment, %	World Bank	Included
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS, per 1,000 (age-standardized, both sexes)^d	GBD	Included
Prevalence of diabetes, per 1,000 (age-standardized, both sexes)^d	GBD	Included
Prevalence of alcohol use disorder, per 1,000 (age-standardized, both sexes)^d	GBD	Included
Prevalence of daily smoking, per 1,000 (age-standardized, both sexes)^d	GBD	Included
Out-of-pocket expenditure, % of current health expenditure	World Bank	Included
TB case detection rate, % (all forms)	WHO	Included
TB treatment success rate, % (all new cases)	WHO	Included
Population living in urban areas, %	World Bank	Included

Abbreviations: HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, GDP Gross Domestic Product, TB Tuberculosis, WHO World Health Organization, GBD Global Burden of Disease Study, ILO International Labour Organization, HDR Human Development Report
^aWe expected a certain degree of collinearity between indicators of socioeconomic development and assessed intercorrelations between indicators of social determinants of health using Pearson correlation
^bFor statistical analysis, HDI was multiplied by 100 to ease interpretation of results
^cVariable was not included in statistical analysis due to high intercorrelation with HDI ρ > 0.8
^dFor statistical analysis, prevalence was converted into a rate per 1,000 population

ISSN: 1471-2458