From: Associations of parental attitudes and health behaviors with children’s screen time over four years
Wave Variable | 2011 (n = 1941) | 2015 (n = 2707) | χ2 / F |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) / Mean (SD) | N (%) / Mean (SD) | ||
Children’s ST | 13.71 (13.23) | 16.15 (17.39) | 8.06*** |
Parental attitudes and health behaviors | |||
Paternal attitude toward TV viewing | 3.67 (0.73) | 3.50 (0.81) | 50.57*** |
Maternal attitude toward TV viewing | 3.70 (0.75) | 3.52 (0.84) | 54.98*** |
Paternal attitude toward PA | 3.21 (0.78) | 3.11 (0.68) | 14.32*** |
Maternal attitude toward PA | 3.21 (0.75) | 3.14 (0.67) | 6.91*** |
Paternal ST | 20.33 (14.47) | 24.09 (20.42) | 55.94*** |
Maternal ST | 18.33 (12.92) | 21.00 (17.76) | 33.10*** |
Paternal PA | 1.06 (3.15) | 2.19 (3.82) | 90.44*** |
Maternal PA | 0.73 (2.48) | 2.42 (4.11) | 230.12*** |
Paternal cigarettes smoking | 9.92 (10.87) | 9.29 (10.27) | 1.42 |
Maternal cigarettes smoking | 0.09 (1.16) | 0.06 (0.98) | 3.04* |
Paternal alcohol drinking | 3.00 (1.79) | 2.82 (1.79) | 15.19*** |
Maternal alcohol drinking | 1.23 (0.75) | 1.10 (0.51) | 52.10*** |
Parental and children’s socio-demographics | |||
Children’s age | 8.16 (5.05) | 8.01 (4.74) | 0.87 |
Father’s age | 37.73 (7.10) | 37.84 (7.03) | 0.24 |
Mother’s age | 35.61 (6.73) | 35.85 (6.76) | 0.17 |
Children’s gender | 1.37 | ||
… Boys | 1050 (54.1%) | 1516 (56.0%) | |
… Girls | 891 (45.9%) | 1191 (44.0%) | |
Children’s ethnicity | 3.71* | ||
… Minority | 199 (10.3%) | 316 (11.7%) | |
… Han | 1742 (89.7%) | 2391 (88.3%) | |
Region | 49.12*** | ||
… Central China | 472 (24.3%) | 841 (31.1%) | |
… Eastern China | 637 (32.8%) | 675 (24.9%) | |
… Northeastern China | 196 (10.1%) | 315 (11.6%) | |
… Western China | 636 (32.8%) | 876 (32.4%) | |
Residence | 53.39*** | ||
… Rural | 1174 (60.5%) | 1906 (70.4%) | |
… Urban | 767 (39.5%) | 801 (29.6%) | |
Paternal education | 17.17*** | ||
… Primary school or under | 316 (16.3%) | 348 (12.9%) | |
… Middle school | 826 (42.6%) | 1223 (45.2%) | |
… High school | 311 (16.0%) | 460 (17.0%) | |
… Technical school | 168 (8.7%) | 278 (10.3%) | |
… College and above | 320 (16.5%) | 398 (14.7%) | |
Maternal education | 38.25*** | ||
… Primary school or under | 460 (23.7%) | 474 (17.5%) | |
… Middle school | 774 (39.9%) | 1281 (47.3%) | |
… High school | 244 (12.6%) | 332 (12.3%) | |
… Technical school | 156 (8.0%) | 211 (7.8%) | |
… College or above | 307 (15.8%) | 409 (15.1%) | |
Paternal employment status | 74.62*** | ||
… Unemployed | 218 (11.2%) | 581 (21.5%) | |
… Fixed-term worker | 802 (41.3%) | 962 (35.5%) | |
… Others | 921 (47.4%) | 1164 (43.0%) | |
Maternal employment status | 69.04*** | ||
… Unemployed | 532 (27.4%) | 1104 (40.8%) | |
… Fixed-term worker | 629 (32.4%) | 750 (27.7%) | |
… Others | 780 (40.2%) | 853 (31.5%) |