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Table 7 Association between any use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and any exposure to crowded places, and COVID-19 Illness

From: Non-pharmaceutical interventions and risk of COVID-19 infection: survey of U.K. public from November 2020 – May 2021

 

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

N

OR (95% CI)

N

OR (95% CI)

 

OR (95% CI)

N

OR (95% CI)

Wearing a mask

25,730

0.17 (0.15 to 0.20)

22,297

0.19 (0.16 to 0.22)

16,843

0.19 (0.16 to 0.23)

12,566

0.16 (0.12 to 0.21)

Social distancing

25,688

0.27 (0.22 to 0.31)

22,257

0.31 (0.26 to 0.38)

16,803

0.35 (0.28 to 0.43)

12,566

0.58 (0.41 to 0.81)

Handwashing when arriving home

25,844

0.57 (0.46 to 0.73)

22,381

0.65 (0.50 to 0.84)

16,900

0.63 (0.48 to 0.83)

12,566

0.71 (0.46 to 1.09)

Handwashing before eating

25,732

1.65 (1.31 to 20.6)

22,292

1.65 (1.29 to 2.10)

16,849

1.49 (1.14 to 1.94)

12,566

1.15 (0.79 to 1.66)

Avoid touching face

25,345

1.22 (1.06 to 1.40)

21,969

1.18 (1.02 to 1.37)

16,636

1.17 (0.99 to 1.38)

12,566

1.17 (0.91 to 1.52)

Cleaning things

25,683

1.52 (1.31 to 1.76)

22,270

1.39 (1.19 to 1.63)

16,819

1.38 (1.15 to 1.64)

12,566

1.39 (1.06 to 1.81)

Avoid touching others’ pets

21,597

1.96 (1.75 to 2.20)

18,726

2.00 (1.77 to 2.27)

14,066

2.12 (1.84 to 2.44)

12,566

2.41 (2.02 to 2.88)

Other

24,272

1.75 (1.59 to 1.91)

21,031

1.59 (1.44 to 1.76)

15,879

1.62 (1.45 to 1.81)

12,566

1.53 (1.32 to 1.76)

Been in crowded places 10 people

26,028

1.89 (1.70 to 2.11)

22,556

1.70 (1.51 to 1.92)

17,027

1.62 (1.42 to 1.85)

12,566

1.41 (1.19 to 1.68)

Been in crowded places 100 people

25,861

2.33 (2.11 to 2.58)

22,401

1.87 (1.67 to 2.09)

16,897

1.73 (1.53 to 1.97)

12,566

1.40 (1.18 to 1.66)

  1. Model 1: controlling for demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status), month of questionnaire completion, and vaccination status
  2. Model 2: as per model 1 plus controlling for money problems; working outside home; number of people in the household (lives alone, lives with one other person, 3–6 people in the house, more than 6 people in the house); having pets; pregnancy (assuming missing not pregnant); number of comorbid conditions; history of a mental health problem; self-reported regular use of steroids or immunosuppressant medication; statins; medications for diabetes; self-reported weight (normal, underweight, overweight); smoking status; anxiety (from PHQ-4); depression (from PHQ-4); U.K. region; and month of questionnaire completion interacted with region
  3. Model 3: as per model 2 plus controlling for other NPIs and being in crowded places