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Table 1 Participant characteristics

From: Effects of 2018 Japan floods on healthcare costs and service utilization in Japan: a retrospective cohort study

 

Victims (%)

Non-victims (%)

p value

36,032

0.65

5,498,244

99.35

Age classification, n (%)

0–19

4,835

13.4

1,058,674

19.3

< 0.001*

20–39

4,646

12.9

1,094,870

19.9

40–59

7,726

21.4

1,338,343

24.3

60–79

13,669

37.9

1,452,007

26.4

80+

5,156

14.3

554,350

10.1

Sex, n (%)

Men

15,982

44.4

2,554,619

46.5

< 0.001*

Women

20,050

55.6

2,943,625

53.5

Prefecture, n (%)

Okayama

16,921

47.0

1,520,052

27.6

< 0.001*

Hiroshima

9,766

27.1

2,263,143

41.2

Ehime

6,780

18.8

1,100,447

20.0

Missing or others‡

2,565

7.1

614,602

11.2

Medical costs per year (USD), mean (SD)

July 2017 to June 2018 (pre-disaster)

3,296

42.6

2,758

3.4

< 0.001†

July 2018 to June 2019 (post-disaster)

4,100

48.0

3,029

2.4

< 0.001†

Medical costs per quarter for one year after the disaster (USD), mean (SD)

First

1,052

18.0

740

1.2

< 0.001†

Second

1,031

16.0

767

1.2

< 0.001†

Third

958

14.0

762

1.2

< 0.001†

Fourth

1,057

16.0

760

1.1

< 0.001†

Top 10% per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

5,010

13.9

548,390

10.0

< 0.001*

Second

5,177

14.4

548,237

10.0

< 0.001*

Third

5,100

14.2

548,306

10.0

< 0.001*

Fourth

5,710

15.9

547,671

10.0

< 0.001*

Top 30% per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

14,733

40.9

1,645,312

29.9

< 0.001*

Second

15,393

42.7

1,644,756

29.9

< 0.001*

Third

15,238

42.3

1,644,880

29.9

< 0.001*

Fourth

15,997

44.4

1,644,244

29.9

< 0.001*

Top 50% per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

23,052

64.0

2,743,703

49.9

< 0.001*

Second

23,313

64.7

2,743,814

49.9

< 0.001*

Third

22,842

63.4

2,743,974

49.9

< 0.001*

Fourth

23,560

65.4

2,743,190

49.9

< 0.001*

Participants who did not incur any medical costs per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

5,642

15.7

1,478,597

26.9

< 0.001*

Second

5,112

14.2

1,386,125

25.2

< 0.001*

Third

5,000

13.9

1,166,915

21.2

< 0.001*

Fourth

5,321

14.8

1,359,043

24.7

< 0.001*

Service utilization of outpatient care per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

29,897

83

3,966,137

72.1

< 0.001*

Second

30,347

84.2

4,059,739

73.8

< 0.001*

Third

30,495

84.6

4,279,071

77.8

< 0.001*

Fourth

30,276

84

4,089,261

74.4

< 0.001*

Service utilization of inpatient care per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

2,431

6.7

229,607

4.2

< 0.001*

Second

2,089

5.8

227,513

4.1

< 0.001*

Third

1,899

5.3

222,205

4

< 0.001*

Fourth

2,061

5.7

223,940

4.1

< 0.001*

Service utilization of dispensing pharmacies per quarter for one year after the disaster, no (%)

First

19,928

55.3

2,501,098

45.5

< 0.001*

Second

20,671

57.4

2,663,956

48.5

< 0.001*

Third

21,276

59

2,902,891

52.8

< 0.001*

Fourth

20,473

56.8

2,682,600

48.8

< 0.001*

  1. SD: standard deviation, *: chi-squared test, †: Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ‡: Excluded from the chi-squared test, First quarter: July 2018 to September 2018, Second quarter: October 2018 to December 2018, Third quarter: January 2019 to March 2019, Fourth quarter: April 2019 to June 2019
  2. We used the average currency exchange rate for 2018 (1 US dollar = 110 Japanese yen) to convert Japanese yen to US dollars.