Table 1 Composite social class groups based on household wealth, parental occupation, and parental education level

Rich & Highly-educated families (R&H)

Father’s occupation: Directors in government agencies and enterprises, Professional or technical personnel, Commercial/ Service workers

Mother’s occupation: Directors in government agencies and enterprises, Professional or technical personnel

Father’s education level: Junior college, Bachelor’s degree

Mother’s education level: Junior college, Bachelor’s degree

Rich & Self-employed families (R&S)

Father’s occupation: Self-employed small business owner, Other

Mother’s occupation: Self-employed small business owner, Other

Father’s education: Middle school, High school, Technical secondary school

Mother’s education: Middle school, High school, Technical secondary school

Moderate wealth & Professional or technical worker families (M&P)

Father’s occupation: Professional or technical personnel, Directors in government agencies and enterprises, General staff

Mother’s occupation: General staff, Professional or technical personnel, Commercial/ Service workers

Father’s education: High school, Technical secondary school, Junior college, Bachelor

Mother’s education: High school, Technical secondary school, Junior college, Bachelor

Moderate wealth & Self-employed families (M&S)

Father’s occupation: Self-employed merchants

Mother’s occupation: Self-employed merchants

Father’s education: Middle school, High school, Technical secondary school

Mother’s education: Middle school, High school, Technical secondary school

Moderate wealth & Low parental education level families (M&L)

Father’s occupation: Other, Unemployed, Farmers/Laborers

Mother’s occupation: Other, Unemployed, Farmers/Laborers

Father’s education: Primary school, Middle school

Mother’s education: Middle school, High school, Technical secondary school

Poor families

The lowest 40% of household wealth