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Table 2 Means, time and interaction effects, and changes in the outcomes from baseline to post-test and follow-up

From: Effects of a family-based lifestyle intervention on co-physical activity and other health-related outcomes of fathers and their children: the ‘Run Daddy Run’ intervention

Outcomes

 

Pre-test

Mean (SE)a

Post-test

Mean (SE)

Follow-up

Mean (SE)

Mean difference between groupsb

(intervention vs. control)

Estimates (SE) [95% CI]

Time x Group

(p-value)c

N primary outcome (co−PA)

I

60

45

36

Pre-post

Pre-FU

Pre-post

Pre-FU

C

31

28

25

Main outcomes

Co-physical activity

Total

I

12.0 (4.9)

38.4 (5.2)

49.1 (5.5)

+ 24.2 (7.7)

[9.0; 39.4]

+ 6.4 (8.1)

[-9.7; 22.5]

p = 0.002**

p = 0.433

C

16.0 (3.7)

18.2 (4.1)

46.7 (4.7)

Father-child dyad

(1 on 1)

I

3.9 (2.2)

16.7 (2.3)

14.0 (2.5)

+ 12.9 (3.4)

[6.1; 19.7]

+ 8.2 (3.6)

[1.0; 15.4]

p < 0.001***

p = 0.027*

C

5.2 (1.6)

5.1 (1.8)

7.1 (2.1)

Standard weekdays (min./day)

I

2.1 (2.1)

12.7 (2.3)

11.3 (2.5)

+ 10.4 (3.9)

[2.7; 18.1]

+ 3.3 (4.1)

[-4.9; 11.4]

p = 0.008**

p = 0.431

C

3.0 (1.6)

3.2 (1.8)

9.0 (2.1)

Weekend days

(min./day)

I

4.6 (4.6)

27.2 (5.1)

16.9 (5.4)

+ 22.5 (7.7)

[7.2; 37.8]

+ 18.4 (8.2)

[2.1; 34.7]

p = 0.004**

p = 0.027*

C

9.2 (3.6)

9.3 (4.0)

3.1 (4.6)

Wednesdays

(min./day)

I

3.0 (3.1)

12.3 (3.5)

18.5 (3.7)

+ 11.0 (5.8)

[-0.5; 22.5]

+ 13.7 (6.2)

[1.5; 25.9]

p = 0.061

p = 0.028*

C

5.5 (2.4)

3.9 (2.7)

7.4 (3.1)

Father-child dyad + other family members

I

6.7 (4.3)

21.9 (4.7)

35.1 (5.0)

+ 12.5 (6.9)

[-1.1; 26.2]

-0.3 (7.4)

[-14.8; 14.2]

p = 0.073

p = 0.967

C

11.0 (3.3)

13.6 (3.8)

39.7 (4.2)

Standard weekdays

(min./day)

I

4.1 (4.2)

12.4 (4.7)

26.4 (5.0)

+ 5.1 (7.1)

[-8.9; 19.2]

+ 3.4 (7.6)

[-11.7; 18.4]

p = 0.472

p = 0.659

C

4.9 (3.3)

8.1 (3.7)

23.9 (4.3)

Weekend days

(min./day)

I

16.1 (8.0)

44.5 (8.8)

48.9 (9.5)

+ 32.7 (14.1)

[4.7; 60.7]

-2.3 (15.0)

[-32.7; 27.5]

p = 0.023*

p = 0.881

C

27.1 (6.1)

22.8 (7.0)

62.1 (8.0)

Wednesdays

(min./day)

I

6.2 (7.4)

12.8 (8.3)

40.1 (8.9)

-5.11 (13.2)

[-31.2; 20.9]

-18.3 (14.1)

[-46.0; 9.5]

p = 0.699

p = 0.196

C

3.0 (5.8)

14.7 (6.5)

55.2 (7.6)

PA father

Volume PA

(mg/day)

I

44.1 (2.7)

54.8 (2.8)

n.a.

+ 6.1 (2.4)

[1.5;10.8]

n.a.

p = 0.010*

n.a.

C

46.6 (2.0)

51.2 (2.1)

n.a.

LPA

(mg/day)

I

167.4 (10.6)

184.8 (11.0)

n.a.

+ 3.2 (7.7)

[-11.9;18.4]

n.a.

p = 0.676

n.a.

C

185.6 (8.0)

199.4 (8.2)

n.a.

MP

(mg/day)A

I

94.6 (10.4)

122.3 (10.9)

n.a.

+ 17.2 (8.2)

[1.2; 33.3]

n.a.

p = 0.035*

n.a.

C

114.9 (7.8)

125.4 (8.1)

n.a.

VPA

(mg/day)

I

6.0 (1.4)

10.2 (1.6)

n.a.

+ 1.9 (1.9)

[-1.8; 5.5]

n.a.

p = 0.318

n.a.

C

3.5 (1.0)

5.9 (1.2)

n.a.

PA child

Volume PA

(mg/day)

I

71.6 (2.7)

73.7 (3.0)

n.a.

-4.3 (3.3)

[-10.8;2.1]

n.a.

p = 0.189

n.a.

C

78.9 (2.0)

85.3 (2.2)

n.a.

LPA

(mg/day)

I

219.4 (7.7)

251.1 (8.5)

n.a.

+ 34.6 (8.3)

[18.2;50.9]

n.a.

p < 0.001***

n.a.

C

236.5 (5.8)

233.6 (6.3)

n.a.

MPA

(mg/day)

I

74.0 (4.5)

67.8 (4.5)

n.a.

-15.2 (5.4)

[-25.8;-4.7]

n.a.

p = 0.005**

n.a.

C

80.9 (3.0)

90.0 (4.5)

n.a.

VPA

(mg/day)

I

7.9 (1.1)

7.6 (1.2)

n.a.

-4.4 (1.4)

[-7.2;-4.7]

n.a.

p = 0.002**

n.a.

C

8.5 (0.8)

12.6 (0.9)

n.a.

Secondary outcomes

Body Mass Index

Father

(kg/m)

I

25.6 (0.5)

25.7 (0.5)

25.8 (0.5)

+ 0.2 (0.2)

[-0.3; 0.6]

+ 0.2 (0.3)

[-0.3;0.7]

p = 0.493

p = 0.441

C

24.9 (0.4)

24.8 (0.4)

24.8 (0.4)

Child

(z-scores)

I

-0.3 (0.2)

-0.3 (0.2)

0.1 (0.3)

+ 0.2 (0.3)

[-0.4;0.7]

+ 0.5 (0.4)

[-0.2;1.2]

p = 0.586

p = 0.142

C

0.0 (0.2)

-0.1 (0.2)

-0.1 (0.2)

Sedentary behaviour

Father

(min./day)

I

696.0 (18.9)

638.9 (20.3)

n.a.

-39.3 (17.2)

[-73.1;-5.6]

n.a.

p = 0.022**

n.a.

C

665.2 (14.0)

647.4 (14.7)

n.a.

Child

(min./day)

I

555.5 (12.8)

539.10 (14.1)

n.a.

-40.0 (13.3)

[-65.1;-12.9]

n.a.

p = 0.003**

n.a.

C

529.8 (9.7)

552.4 (10.4)

n.a.

C

4.6 (0.3)

4.4 (0.3)

4.4 (0.3)

Family Health Climate PA (shared perceptions and cognitions on PA)

Score on 14

I

22.9 (1.0)

24.4 (1.7)

25.9 (1.1)

0.0 (1.1)

[-2.3;2.2]

+ 0.8 (1.2)

[-1.6;3.3]

p = 0.987

p = 0.492

C

23.8 (0.7)

25.3 (0.8)

25.9 (0.9)

Nurturant fathering scale (quality of father-child relationship)

Score on 45

I

32.7 (0.7)

33.1 (0.8)

33.9 (0.8)

+ 1.0 (0.8)

[-0.7;2.6]

+ 1.7 (0.9)

[-0.1;3.4]

p = 0.237

p = 0.069

C

33.9 (0.5)

33.2 (0.6)

33.5 (0.6)

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. In all analyses, there was adjusted for age and BMI of the fathers and children at baseline, and sex (children only)
  2. aMeans represent the estimated marginal means and their standard errors
  3. bParameter estimates of the fixed effects with their standard errors and 95% confidence intervals