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Table 3 Results of generalised estimating equations modelling longitudinal CEP expenditure by local characteristics

From: Inequalities in local government spending on cultural, environmental and planning services: a time-trend analysis in England, Scotland, and Wales

Characteristic

Annual percentage change in CEP share of expenditure (95% CI)

England

Least deprived IMD quintile

-1.37 (-2.16, -0.57)

Most deprived IMD quintile

-3.14 (-4.03, -2.24)

Scotland

Least deprived IMD quintile

-2.96 (-4.19, -1.71)

Most deprived IMD quintile

0.21 (-0.99, 1.42)

Wales

Least deprived IMD quintile

-3.95 (-5.01, -2.87)

Most deprived IMD quintile

-4.86 (-5.70, -4.02)

England

Rural

-2.30 (-2.92, -1.68)

Urban

-1.37 (-2.16, − 0.57)

Scotland

Rural

-2.50 (-3.85, -1.14)

Urban

-2.96 (-4.19, -1.71)

Wales

Rural

-3.52 (-4.41, -2.63)

Urban

-3.95 (-5.01, -2.87)

Local government structure (England LAs only)

Two-tier (Shire Districts)

− 0.20 (-0.89, 0.50)

Single-tier councils outside London (unitary authorities and metropolitan districts)

-1.37 (-2.16, − 0.57)

London boroughs

− 0.40 (-1.34, 0.54)

  1. Rates presented are the linear combinations of relevant estimates for each local characteristic considered, holding all other characteristics constant at their base level