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Table 1 Maternal characteristics by host-country language proficiency and perceived communication quality scores (n = 2610)

From: Migrant and native women’s perceptions of prenatal care communication quality: the role of host-country language proficiency

Characteristics

Language Proficiency

P

Communication quality score

P**

 

Native

(n = 1400)

Full

(n = 732)

Intermediate

(n = 338)

Limited

(n = 140)

 

Median (P25,P75)

 
 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

   

Migration-related characteristics

Language Proficiency (n = 2610)

-

-

-

-

   

  Native

-

-

-

-

 

2 (0,4)

 

  Full proficiency

-

-

-

-

-

2 (0,5)

 < .001

  Intermediate proficiency

-

-

-

-

 

3 (0,5)

 

  Limited proficiency

-

-

-

-

 

4 (2,7)

 

Region of birth (n = 2610)

  Europe (including Portugal)

1400 (0.0)

146 (20.0)

94 (27.8)

43 (30.7)

 

2 (0,4)

 

  Africa

-

274 (37.4)

218 (64.5)

52 (37.2)

 < .001*

3 (0,5)

 < .001

  Americasa

-

310 (42.3)

14 (4.1)

1 (0.7)

 

2 (0,5)

 

  Asia

-

2 (0.3)

12 (3.6)

44 (31.4)

 

3 (2,7)

 

Length of stay in Portugal (n = 1204)

  ≤ 5 years

-

150 (20.6)

114 (34.0)

100 (71.5)

 

3 (1,6)

 

  5–10 years

-

182 (25.0)

127 (37.9)

31 (22.1)

 < .001

3 (0,6)

 < .001

  > 10 years

-

397 (54.4)

94 (28.1)

9 (6.4)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Sociodemographic characteristics

Age (years) (n = 2610)

  18–24

180 (12.9)

121 (16.5)

59 (17.5)

29 (20.7)

 

2 (0,5)

 

  25–34

775 (55.3)

387 (52.9)

193 (57.1)

87 (62.2)

.001

2 (0,4)

.032

  ≥ 35

445 (31.8)

224 (30.6)

86 (25.4)

24 (17.1)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Marital status (n = 2610)

  Partner

1062 (75.9)

535 (73.1)

221 (65.4)

126 (90.0)

 < .001

2 (0,4)

.292

  No Partner

338 (24.1)

197 (26.9)

117 (34.6)

14 (10.0)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Highest education level attained (n = 2609)

  Post-secondary (> 12th grade)

555 (39.6)

212 (29.0)

89 (26.3)

50 (36.0)

 

2 (1,4)

 

  Upper-secondary (12th grade)

482 (34.4)

355 (48.5)

102 (30.2)

31 (22.3)

 < .001

2 (0,5)

.117

  < Upper-secondary

363 (26.0)

165 (22.5)

147 (43.5)

58 (41.7)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Monthly household income (n = 2497)

  < 500 €/person

579 (43.0)

454 (64.8)

247 (78.2)

108 (80.6)

 

2 (0,5)

 

  500–1000 €/person

645 (47.9)

224 (31.9)

61 (19.3)

24 (17.9)

 < .001

2 (0,4)

.172

  > 1000 €/person

122 (9.1)

23 (3.3)

8 (2.5)

2 (1.5)

 

2 (1,4)

 

Healthcare system used (n = 2554)

  National health services

743 (54.3)

528 (73.2)

279 (84.0)

118 (88.7)

 < .001

2 (0,5)

.290

  Extra individual health insurance plan

625 (45.7)

193 (26.8)

53 (16.0)

15 (11.3)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Administrative health region (n = 2610)

  Lisbon

769 (54.9)

438 (59.9)

251 (74.3)

90 (64.3)

 

2 (0,5)

 

  Center

185 (13.2)

80 (10.9)

16 (4.7)

17 (12.1)

 < .001

2 (0,4)

 < .001

  North

357 (25.5)

161 (22.0)

41 (12.1)

21 (15.0)

 

2 (0,3)

 

  Algarve

89 (6.4)

53 (7.2)

30 (8.9)

12 (8.6)

 

3 (0,5)

 

Obstetric characteristics

Parity (n = 2500)

  Primiparous

685 (50.8)

336 (47.9)

135 (43.0)

65 (47.4)

.077

2 (0,5)

 < .001

  Multiparous

662 (49.2)

366 (52.1)

179 (57.0)

72 (52.6)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Smoking during pregnancy (n = 2555)

  No

1164 (84.9)

668 (92.6)

314 (95.7)

128 (94.8)

 < .001

2 (0,4)

.087

  Yes

207 (15.1)

53 (7.4)

14 (4.3)

7 (5.2)

 

2 (0,4)

 

Complications during pregnancyb (n = 2553)

  No

978 (71.4)

502 (70.0)

234 (71.1)

97 (70.3)

.919

2 (0,4)

.014

  Yes

391 (28.6)

215 (30.0)

95 (28.9)

41 (29.7)

 

2 (0,5)

 

Adequacy of prenatal care utilization (n = 2405)

  Adequate

1064 (82.2)

507 (76.4)

214 (68.8)

83 (61.5)

 < .001

2 (0,4)

 < .001

  Intermediate/Inadequatec

231 (17.8)

157 (23.6)

97 (31.2)

52 (38.5)

 

3 (0,5)

 
  1. P25 25th percentile, P75 75th percentile
  2. *Native women were not included in this comparison
  3. **Kruskal–Wallis or Mann–Whitney test
  4. aOceania was included in the Americas category due to small numbers
  5. bComplications during pregnancy were retrieved from clinical records and included: high blood pressure,preeclampsia,gestational diabetes,acute pyelonephritis,placenta praevia,placental abruption,and other rare complications
  6. cIntermediate/Inadequate utilization of prenatal care is based on the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) Index and it refers to initiation of prenatal care after 12 gestational weeks or having less than 80% of the recommended number of prenatal visits according to gestational age